Roles and Functions of the Correctional System

Correctional Careers Probation Officers Parole Officers Jailers or Detention Officers Correctional Officers Juvenile Detention Officers Federal Correctional Officers 2

Probation Officers Work under county, state, or federal agencies Make reports to court on offender behavior Conduct pre-trial investigations for the court Monitor compliance with court-ordered conditions of release Complete offender risk assessments Report non-compliance to the court 3

Parole Officers Supervise previously incarcerated offenders in the community Monitor compliance with special conditions of release Report non-compliance to the paroling authority Conduct home, work, and officer visits with offenders 4

Jailers and Detention Officers Supervise inmates in correctional facilities (generally county or local level) Work with adults or juveniles Fingerprint, photograph, and book offenders upon intake 5

Jailers and Detention Officers Cabarrus County Jail is located at 30 Corban Avenue, SE, in Cabarrus ad Has the capacity of 480 beds. 6

Average Correctional Salaries Probation: $31,292 – $47,489 Parole: $32,459 – $44,709 Correctional Officer: $28,241 – $45,579 Jailer: $28,24 – $41,383 Federal Probation Officer: $21,083 – $112,800 7

Correctional Officer Duties Supervise offenders Maintain the security of the facility Transport offenders Conduct searches of offenders and their property Respond to emergencies Read, review, and properly apply information 8

Prison Administration Correctional Officer –Uniformed jail or prison employees whose primary job is the security and movement of inmates Warden: –The chief administrator of a prison 9

Your local Bed and Breakfast: We’ll even leave the light on! 10.

Early Jail Conditions 16 people in a 12 x 12 cell Prisoners provided their own food and medical needs Could buy: alcohol, food, privileges, and cell space Indigents had to work for their keep Men, women, and children were all housed together Sick and healthy housed together No heat, no plumbing, no adequate sleeping or living space Many deaths from sickness and starvation 11

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. The Walnut Street Jail 12

Reforms: The Walnut Street Jail 1790 law passed by the Pennsylvania legislature –Humane physical facilities –Adequate food and water at public expense –Separation of men, women, and children –Prohibited “buying” better treatment –Debtors and the mentally ill separated from the criminal population –Orphans were moved to separate buildings 13

Reforms: Prison Life at Walnut Street Prisoners worked, but were paid for labor Earned early release for good behavior Attempted to rehabilitate prisoners Became overcrowded Conditions deteriorated and costs skyrocketed Prison failed at rehabilitation 14

Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary Built in 1892 Cost $500,000 to house 250 prisoners Most expensive building in the new world First in the country to have flushing toilets and hot-air heating Designed as a penitentiary, not a jail or prison 15 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued) Penitentiary – a correctional institution based on the concept that inmates can change their criminality through reflection and penitence –Individual cells –Must become proficient at a skill for use after release 16

Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued) Expected to read the Bible when not working or exercising Use of the “silent system” Maximum security, walled, and self-contained 17

Reforms: Eastern State Penitentiary (continued) Cells 12 x 7.5 and had a window Working, exercising, eating, and sleeping all performed in the prisoner’s cell 18

Reforms: The Auburn System Built in 1816 – walled, maximum security Cells 7’x 4’, 7’ high, back to back, 5 tiers located in the center of the building inside “cell blocks” Cells poorly lit, no fresh air Inmates moved to other locations in the unit for work, exercise, and eating 19

Reforms: The Auburn System (continued) The silent system was used, but hard to enforce Corporal punishment used for violations Marched from place to place Short haircuts Distinctive uniforms First use of solitary confinement Prison industries (the prison was self- sufficient) The Prototype American Prison 20.

Reforms: Southern Penal Systems Convict lease system was implemented after the end of slavery Construction work, factory work, agricultural work 21

Reforms: Southern Penal Systems Convict lease system was implemented after the end of slavery Construction work, factory work, agricultural work Very poor work and living conditions Worked hours a day Often lived in cages, and discipline was brutal 22

Reforms: Southern Penal Systems (continued) The origin of “chain gangs” The 1930 Prison Farm System replaced the lease system Inmate labor used to sustain prisons and other profit industries Used prisoners as guards and supervisors to cut costs Arkansas and Texas brought about U.S. Supreme Court decisions on the 8 th amendment 23.

Prison Reforms 1930s laws prohibited the sale of inmate goods Prisons began supplying products to the government (license plates) Between 1950 and 1966, over 100 riots In September 1971, 43 inmates died in the Attica State Prison riot In February 1980, 36 died in New Mexico riots 24

Prison Reforms (continued) 1980s – the US Supreme Court decided that inmates could sue over –Living conditions –Medical treatment –Inmates’ rights –Prison policies 25 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Jails Jail – a short-term, multipurpose holding facility that serves as a gateway for the criminal justice system Jails hold –Defendants awaiting trial –Defendants convicted of misdemeanors –The mentally ill pending movement to a health facility 26

Jails (continued) Jails hold –Local, state, federal, and military prisoners –Adults of both genders –Juveniles –Convicted prisoners –Absconders –Witnesses –Most awaiting trial or transport 27 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Punishment Range for Jail Class C Misdemeanor –a fine up to $500 (ticket) –cannot be arrested speeding or open container Class B Misdemeanor –up to 180 days in jail, and a $2,000 fine Class A Misdemeanor –up to 2 years in jail, and a $4,000 fine 28

County Jails Over 3,300 local and county jails Vary in size from less than 50 to more than 7,000 Population has more than doubled since 1983 Very few municipal jails 29

State Prisons Prisons – correctional institutions for prisoners convicted of felonies Extended sentences Separated inmates by sex Architecture reflective of gender bias 30 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Prisons Top 10 Highest Incarceration Rates 1.California163,001 2.Texas157,997 3.Federal145,416 4.Florida71,319 5.New York70,198 6.Michigan47,718 7.Ohio45,833 8.Illinois45,281 9.Georgia44, Pennsylvania36,847 31

Punishment Levels for Prison State Jail Felony (SJF) –180 days to 2 years, and a $10,000 fine 3rd Degree –2-10 years, and a $10,000 fine 2nd Degree –2-20 years, and a $10,000 fine 1st Degree –2-99 (life), and a $10,000 fine Capital –Death –Life without Parole 32 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

State Prison Security Levels Minimum Security –Have few physical barriers to escape, and many programs for inmates Medium Security –Fortress-like, walled, self-contained institutions that offer inmates education, vocation, and rehabilitation 33

State Prison Security Levels (continued) Maximum Security –prisons for inmates at high risk of escape, or who are dangerously violent to other inmates or staff Administrative Segregation –solitary confinement –inmates are kept in single cells 23 hrs a day. They are allowed a shower and one hour of recreation per day. 34

Private Jails and Prisons For-profit facilities run by private security companies Contracted by counties at lower cost Less programs Less training, lower pay, and conditions often below state standards Escapes and assaults carry smaller penalties 35

Constitutional Rights Retain all the rights of “free” citizens Three government interests, however, justify curtailing offender’s rights: –Maintaining internal order and discipline –Securing the institution against unauthorized access or escape –Rehabilitating offenders 36

Habeas Corpus The primary purpose is to seek release from prison or jail for unlawful confinement Exhaust state judicial remedies before going to federal court Filed in state or federal court Filed by one offender Affects only that offender 37

Section 1983 The purpose is to address prison conditions or obtain monetary damages from prison officials Filed directly in federal court Affects all offenders May be filed as class action suit 38

First Amendment Freedom of –Religion –Speech –Press –Assembly –Petitioning the government for redress of grievances 39

Fourth Amendment Prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures 40

Fifth Amendment The right to jury for capital crimes Protects against double jeopardy The right against self-incrimination Prohibits taking life, liberty, or property without due process Protects against taking private property without just compensation 41

Sixth Amendment The right to a public and speedy trial Impartial jury Informed of the nature and cause of accusations Confront witnesses Compulsory process for obtaining witnesses Right to an attorney 42

Eighth Amendment Prohibits excessive bail Protects against cruel and unusual punishment 43 Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Fourteenth Amendment The right to the privileges and immunities of citizens The right to due process The right to equal protection under the law 44

Case Law Impingment on an offender’s constitutional rights is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests Turner v. Safely, 482 U.S. 78 (1987) 45

Resources X, Fagin, James. Criminal Justice: Prentice Hall, , del Carmen, Rolando v. Susan E. Ritter, Betsy A. Witt. Briefs of Leading Cases in Corrections: Anderson, , O’Brien, Edward; Fisher, Margaret; Austern, David T. Practical Law for Jail and Prison Personnel: West Group, Civil Liabilities and Other Legal Issues: Do an Internet search for the following: –Findlaw Turner Safely –Supreme justia Turner Safely 46