Marine Sediment Chapter 4.

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Presentation transcript:

Marine Sediment Chapter 4

Chapter Overview Marine sediments contain a record of Earth history. Marine sediments provide many important resources. Marine sediments have origins from a variety of sources.

Marine Sediments Provide clues to Earth history Marine organism distribution Ocean floor movements Ocean circulation patterns Climate change Global extinction events

Marine Sediments Texture – size and shape of particles Sediment origins Worn rocks Living organisms Minerals dissolved in water Outer space Sediments lithify into sedimentary rock

Classification of Marine Sediments

Marine Sediment Collection Early exploration used dredges. Modern exploration Cores – hollow steel tube collects sediment columns Rotary drilling – collects deep ocean sediment cores

Drill Ship JOIDES Resolution

Marine Sediment Collection National Science Foundation (NSF) – formed Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) in 1963 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Rosenstiel School of Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Marine Sediment Collection Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) – 1968 Glomar Challenger drilling ship Core collection in deep water Confirmed existence of sea floor spreading Ocean floor age Sediment thickness Magnetic polarity

Marine Sediment Collection DSDP became Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) in 1983 JOIDES Resolution replaced Glomar Challenger Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Replaced ODP in 2003 Chikyu – new exploration vessel in 2007 Expedition to Japan Trench after 2011 earthquake

Paleoceanography and Marine Sediments Paleoceanography – study of how ocean, atmosphere, and land interactions have produced changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate Marine sediments provide clues to past changes.

Marine Sediment Classification Classified by origin Lithogenous – derived from land Biogenous – derived from organisms Hydrogenous or Authigenic – derived from water Cosmogenous – derived from outer space

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