James L. Roark Michael P. Johnson Patricia Cline Cohen Sarah Stage Susan M. Hartmann CHAPTER 8 Building a Republic, 1775–1789 The American Promise A History of the United States Fifth Edition Copyright © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's

I. The Articles of Confederation A. Congress and Confederation 1. Forming a government 2. Taxation and requisition B. The Problem of Western Lands 1. Western land claims 2. Compromise and conflict

I. The Articles of Confederation C. Running the New Government 1. The problems of the new government 2. Attempts to fix the problems

II. The Sovereign States A. The State Constitutions 1. Republicanism 2. How to best serve the people 3. Bills of Rights B. Who Are “the People”? 1. Property 2. Gender 3. New Jersey

II. The Sovereign States C. Equality and Slavery 1. Did Bills of Rights apply to slaves? 2. Challenging slavery 3. Gradual emancipation 4. Resistance to emancipation 5. Symbolic importance

III. The Confederation’s Problems A. The War Debt and the Newburgh Conspiracy 1. Soldiers’ back pay 2. A five percent impost 3. A threatened coup 4. Washington’s response B. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1. Disputed lands 2. Two meetings at Fort Stanwix 3. American demands 4. A contested treaty

III. The Confederation’s Problems C. Land Ordinances and the Northwest Territory 1. Jefferson’s plan 2. Land Ordinance of Land Ordinance of Land Ordinance of 1787 (the Northwest Ordinance) 5. Indians 6. Slavery and roots of North-South sectionalism

III. The Confederation’s Problems D. The Requisition of 1785 and Shays’ Rebellion, 1786– Requesting money from the states 2. Tension in Massachusetts 3. Protests in western Massachusetts 4. Response from state and federal governments 5. Shays’s Rebellion and its aftermath

IV. The United States Constitution A. From Annapolis to Philadelphia 1. Revision meetings 2. The Constitutional Convention B. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans 1. Virginia Plan 2. New Jersey Plan 3. The Great Compromise 4. The Three-Fifths Clause

IV. The United States Constitution C. Democracy versus Republicanism 1. Republican institutions 2. Checks and balances and enumeration of powers

V. Ratification of the Constitution A. The Federalists 1. Marshaling support 2. Ratification strategy B. The Antifederalists 1. Who were the Antifederalists? 2. Elected officials and individual rights

V. Ratification of the Constitution C. The Big Holdouts: Virginia and New York 1. New amendments in Virginia 2. New York and The Federalist Papers 3. Ratification