Particle Physics Facilities in Europe and Future Strategy Manfred Krammer Chairman of ECFA HEPHY, Vienna ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 1

Current accelerator facilities for particle physics in Europe ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 2

Very large number of accelerators for science operating in Europe: Small accelerators, e.g. tandems Mid-size accelerators, e.g. cyclotrons and synchrotrons 3 rd generation synchrotron sources High energy and high intensity machines Many national institutes and universities involved in particle accelerator R&D Try to give a rough overview. Information taken from the TIARA Infrastructure Survey report (February 2013) and the RECFA country visits. ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 3 Accelerator facilities in Europe

Accelerators for particle physics Medium/Low energy accelerators Accelerator R&D 3 rd Generation synchrotron light source Facilities in Europe (CERN member states) ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 4

Accelerators for particle physics CERN, Geneva, CH Large Hadron Collider (LHC), pp 14 TeV Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), 450 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS), 26 GeV Antiproton Decelerator (AD) 3.5 GeV  100 MeV Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR), 72 MeV PSI, Villingen, CH Proton Cyclotron 590 MeV, 2.4 mA, 1.4 MW ! LNF, Frascati, I DAΦNE e + e -, 510 MeV, L= cm -2 s -1, 1 A e +, 1.5 A e MeV e linear accelerator SPARC 150 MeV e linac, high power injector DESY, Hamburg, D DESY II, e +, e -, 6 GeV (test beam facility) GSI, Darmstadt, D UNILAC heavy ion linear accelerator SIS 18 heavy Ion synchrotron ESR experimental storage ring MeV/u (Ne) ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 5

Russian Federation and JINR Dubna Russia Federation applied to become associate member state of CERN JINR Dubna and CERN discuss reciprocal observer status JINR, Dubna: Nuclotron-M, up to 4.5 GeV/n, under construction NICA, E lab. ~ (8 – 60) GeV/n IHEP, Protvino: U70 p Synchrotron, 50/60 GeV ITEP, Moscow: TWAC facility and U10, proton-ion accelerator-accumulator facility, p 10 GeV BINP, Novosibirsk: VEPP-3, VEPP-2000, VEPP-4M, e + e - 2 GeV and 11 GeV Ecm ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 6

Visions of the community in Europe for the future accelerator based facilities for particle physics ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 7

ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 8 Europe has a strategy! First “official” strategy approved by the CERN Council 14 th July It contains 17 statements on scientific and organizational matters. Strategy Update in 2012/2013: Open Symposium (Kracow), September 2012 Scientific Briefing Book*, December 2012 Strategy Group drafting session (Erice), January 2013 CERN Council formally adopts the Strategy, May At a special European Strategy Session of Council in Brussels * f The European Strategy for Particle Physics

The Update of the European Strategy 2013 and its implementation. Excerpt from the Strategy Update Official text highlighted, interpretations are my own, however trying to reflect the consensus. Explain how the strategy is already fully implemented. ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 9

Large-Scale Scientific Activities ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 10 The strategy update had to find a balance balance between maintaining the diversity of the scientific program and setting priorities since the available resources are limited. Only large scale projects are prioritized Competitive small and medium size projects (national, regional) are important to keep the diversity of our field, since a breakthrough often emerges in unexpected areas  4 High priority Large-Scale Scientific Activities identified Pursuing all 4 activities: there is a logical time line – peak investments not at the same time – and a difference in the scale of the involvement. After careful analysis of many possible large-scale scientific activities requiring significant resources, sizeable collaborations and sustained commitment, the following four activities have been identified as carrying the highest priority.

1 - LHC and HL-LHC ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 11 c)... Europe’s top priority should be the exploitation of the full potential of the LHC, including the high-luminosity upgrade of the machine and detectors with a view to collecting ten times more data than in the initial design, by around … The strategy recommends to go for the full LHC upgrade, i.e. a target integrated luminosity of 3 ab -1. Major interventions necessary for the LHC machine, large upgrade project of the experiments, contributions from other regions than Europe are crucial. This is the next big challenge for particle physics world-wide.

1 - LHC and HL-LHC ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 12 c)... Europe’s top priority should be the exploitation of the full potential of the LHC, including the high-luminosity upgrade of the machine and detectors with a view to collecting ten times more data than in the initial design, by around … The strategy recommends to go for the full LHC upgrade, i.e. a target integrated luminosity of 3 ab -1. Major interventions necessary for the LHC machine, large upgrade project of the experiments, contributions from other regions than Europe are crucial. This is the next big challenge for particle physics world-wide. Programme for the near future!

Implementation: HL-LHC ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 13 HL-LHC construction included in CERN medium-term plan , approved by the CERN Council in June 2014! Large progress by the experiments (several upgrade TDRs in preparation) Common meetings of the four LHC experiments, together with the accelerator and theory communities 1 st Workshop: 1-3 Oct Aix-les-Bains, F Workshop Summary Document: ECFA/13/ nd Workshop: Oct Aix-les-Bains, F

2 - Design studies and R&D for post-LHC projects ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 14 d) … CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron-positron high-energy frontier machines … Europe has a vision for CERNs future as the laboratory at the energy frontier. Possible post-LHC machines are CLIC, HE-LHC, FCC-hh, FCC-ee (as a precursor for FCC-hh) More scientific input is needed before one can decide on a next large machine at CERN.

2 - Design studies and R&D for post-LHC projects ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 15 d) … CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron-positron high-energy frontier machines … Europe has a vision for CERNs future as the laboratory at the energy frontier. Possible post-LHC machines are CLIC, HE-LHC, FCC-hh, FCC-ee (as a precursor for FCC-hh) More scientific input is needed before one can decide on a next large machine at CERN. Long time programme ! Prepare now for physics >2035

Implementation: Study on CLIC ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 16 Two beam acceleration: low energy, high current drive beam powers RF cavities of main linac (cavities ~100 MV/m), e + e - energy up to 3 TeV c.m. in stages. Conceptual Design Report published in 2012: CERN , arXiv: , CERN , arXiv: Prove of principle of two beam acceleration demonstrated! Study continues as part of the LC organisation.

Implementation: Study on Future Circular Colliders ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 17 Launch of a new international study, Kick-off meeting February 2014 University of Geneva Scope of the 5 year study: FCC-hh: 100 TeV pp-collider ~16 T dipoles  100 km ~20 T dipoles  80 km pp defines the requirements for the infrastructure FCC-ee: 350 GeV e + e - collider As a possible intermediate step FCC-he: included as option Infrastructure in Geneva area

e) There is a strong scientific case for an electron-positron collider … European groups are eager to participate. Europe looks forward to a proposal from Japan to discuss a possible participation. This is a strong statement in favor of the ILC and in particular of the Japanese initiative. The European strategy supports a machine with an initial energy of 250 GeV to perform Higgs studies and sees the energy upgradability of the ILC as major asset! TDR for the ILC submitted 2013: Europe is the largest community in the LC Organisation. Implementation: Work on ILC (machine and detectors) continues in many European institutes with support by CERN (e.g. hosting the LC Directorate). 3 - International Linear Collider (ILC) ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 18

e) There is a strong scientific case for an electron-positron collider … European groups are eager to participate. Europe looks forward to a proposal from Japan to discuss a possible participation. This is a strong statement in favor of the ILC and in particular of the Japanese initiative. The European strategy supports a machine with an initial energy of 250 GeV to perform Higgs studies and sees the energy upgradability of the ILC as major asset! TDR for the ILC submitted 2013: Europe is the largest community in the LC Organisation. Implementation: Work on ILC (machine and detectors) continues in many European institutes with support by CERN (e.g. hosting the LC Directorate). 3 - International Linear Collider (ILC) ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 19 Medium-term Programme ! Peak of investments from Europe to the ILC will come after HL-LHC and before the next large facility at CERN.

4 - Neutrino Programme ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 20 f) … CERN should develop a neutrino programme to pave the way for a substantial European role in future long-baseline experiments. Europe should explore the possibility of major participation in leading long- baseline neutrino projects in the US and Japan. It is important to reconstitute a neutrino physics activity at CERN, in order to provide technical expertise, support and focus for Europe to play a leading role in the forthcoming experiments – not necessarily hosted in Europe. Implementation: CERN is setting up a Neutrino Platform to support European contributions for neutrino facilities in the US and Asia: Extension of the experimental area of the SPS complex (CERN North area), charged beam for detector development Detector R&D for neutrino experiments: liquid Argon technology Lot of expertise for this technology in Europe Prepare detectors at CERN for transport and installment in the US First detector to be refurbished at CERN is ICARUS

Other Scientific Activities ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 21 Statements g) to k) of the Strategy Update define other scientific activities which are essential for HEP, but do not need a prioritization. These are: Theory Unique small and mid-size experiments (studying quark flavour physics, dipole moments, precision measurements at lower energies with neutrons, muons and antiprotons, etc.) Instrumentation, state-of-the-art infrastructure at CERN, large scale data-intensive computing Non-accelerator experiments at the overlap with astroparticle physics. Research at the boundary between particle and nuclear physics.

Summary ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 22 The Strategy Update is the result of a systematic and exhaustive discussion involving the whole particle physics community in Europe and elsewhere. In all the discussions science was placed first! Four high-priority large-scale activities identified. High-Luminosity LHC R&D for a future machine at CERN Participation in the ILC in Japan Support for European neutrino community Europe has a clear vision and strategy for the future! The program is challenging, but not unrealistic. The European strategy is fully implemented! The next update of the European strategy is foreseen in about 5 years.

Opinion of the community in Europe on the globalisation and global coordination of the facilities ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 23

Considering the following facts: 1. European participation and contributions to projects outside Europe have a long tradition. Just a few recent examples: D0 and CDF at Fermilab BaBar at SLAC Belle and Belle II at KEK Neutrino experiments in Japan and US 2. LHC and HL-LHC are global projects in Europe 3. Large involvement of European colleagues in the ILC planned in Japan and the emerging support for the neutrino programme in the US. ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 24

ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe Statements in the Update of the European Strategy clearly underline the importance of internationalization In particular statement l): l) Future major facilities in Europe and elsewhere require collaboration on a global scale. CERN should be the framework within which to organise a global particle physics accelerator project in Europe, and should also be the leading European partner in global particle physics accelerator projects elsewhere…. Recommendation from Working Group 2 of the European Strategy Group. Discussion on organizational structure for the European participation in global projects.

Taking note of 1. – 4. there shouldn’t be any doubt left that the European particle physics community (and the funding agencies) support and engage in the internationalization of large scale facilities across continents. ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 26

Taking note of 1. – 4. there shouldn’t be any doubt left that the European particle physics community (and the funding agencies) support and engage in the internationalization of large scale facilities across continents. ICHEP, Valencia, July 7, 2014 Accelerator Facilities in Europe 27 Physics is universal - Particle Physics is global!