رفع نسبة الوقاية من الإصابة بالتلاسيميا في سورية باتخاذ القرارات المبنية على الدليل لتغيير نمط الحياة إعداد : د. شذى العجي الخطة الإستراتيجية الصحية لمرضى.

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رفع نسبة الوقاية من الإصابة بالتلاسيميا في سورية باتخاذ القرارات المبنية على الدليل لتغيير نمط الحياة إعداد : د. شذى العجي الخطة الإستراتيجية الصحية لمرضى التلاسيميا

الرؤية ا ل س ي ط ر ة ع ل ى ا ن ت ش ا ر ا ل ت لا س ي م ي ا ب ت غ ي ي ر ن م ط ا ل ح ي ا ة ب ن ا ء ع ل ى م ع ل و م ا ت د ق ي ق ة م س ن د ة ب ا ل ب يّ ن ة... ف ي س و ر ي ة....

الرسالة استعمال أحدث تكنولوجيا للمعلومات لتطوير المهارات والمعرفة والقدرات لدى الأفراد ليصبحوا قادرين على زيادة التحكم بصحتهم وتحسينها وفق الاحتياجات والمتطلبات الصحية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية.

. تتبنى وزارة الصحة خطة عمل متكاملة من أجل مكافحة المرض ونشر التوعية

القيم الوصول للاستفادة القصوى من خدمات الرعاية الصحية الأولية المتاحة في مراكز التلاسيميا والمراكز الصحية خاصة القضايا المتعلقة بأنماط الحياة الصحية السليمة، الشخصية والمجتمعية و اتخاذ الإجراءات الوقائية والعلاجية والتشخصية والإدارة الذاتية للمرض اللازمة للسيطرة على مجريات حياتهم عن طريق اختيار الاسلوب الملائم للاحتياجات والظروف المحيطة.

الاستراتيجيات ادماج البرنامج ضمن هيكلية وزارة الصحة – مديرية الأمراض السارية والمزمنة – دائرة الأمراض المزمنة وضع هيكلية للبرنامج على المستوى الوطني الاعتماد على البحوث لفهم الواقع الراهن الاعتماد على رفع مستوى الوعي الجماهيري بأهمية المشكلة التعاون مع جهات الدولة الأخرى والمنظمات الشعبية والنقابات المهنية والجمعيات الأهلية الشراكة مع الجهات الأخرى المعنية بتقديم الخدمات الخاصة بهذه الأمراض العمل الوثيق مع الجهات المعنية مثل بنك الدم

التلاسيميا تحظى التلاسيميا باهتمام استثنائي من وزارة الصحة كونها و فقر الدم المنجلي نواة مشروع التحاليل قبل الزواج الذي بدأ العمل به ليعلم الشريكين المقبلين على الزواج اذا كانا من حملة التلاسيميا عن الاحتمال الكبير لان يرزقا بطفل مصاب بالاضافة ان العديد من الناس ليست لديهم فكرة عن المعاناة الكبيرة التي يعيشها مريض التلاسيميا و عن التكلفة المادية الكبيرة التي تتكفل بها وزارة الصحة لتامين المعالجة و التدابير الاخرى للمرضى وتعمل الوزارة من خلال المشروع الوطني للتلاسيميا و مراكز التلااسيميا في المحافظات على اصدار برامج و ملصقات و كتيبات خاصة للتعريف بالمرض واختلاطاته كم ان هناك توجيه مستمر من قبل السيد وزير الصحة بضرورة دراسة امكانية ايفاد عدد من المرضى لاجراء عمليات زرع النخاع العظمي لديهم طبعا لمن تنطبق عليهم المعايير الطبية الموصى بها عالميا بالاضافة ان الوزارة الان بصدد دراسة خطة لانشاء مركز وطني للاستشارات الوراثية و الفحص خلال الحياة الجنينية.

What is thalassemia Genetic blood disorder resulting in a mutation or deletion of the genes that control globin production. Normal hemoglobin is composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta globins Mutations in a given globin gene can cause a decrease in production of that globin, resulting in deficiency aggregates become oxidized  damage the cell membrane, leading either to hemolysis, ineffective erythropoiesis, or both. 2 types of thalassemia: alpha and beta.

Two types: Alpha thalassemia occurs when a gene or genes related to the alpha globin protein are missing or mutated. Beta thalassemia occurs when gene defects affect production of the beta globin protein Types Of Thalassemia

Demographics The thalassemia gene may be maintained in the human population, in part because of the greater immunity of heterozygous individuals against malaria and is found in parts of the world where malaria is common These include Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and parts of the Mediterranean.

Normal Haemoglobin HbA - α 2 β 2 HbA 2 - α 2 δ 2 HbF – α 2 γ 2

Human Haemoglobins and Globin Genes ▪ Thalassaemias are hereditary blood disorders caused by a reduced synthesis of one or more of the globin chains Chrom. 11Chrom. 16 Ç¡Ç¡a2 ¡a1 a2 a101a101 s GyAy¡þ 6þ Ç 2 s 2 (Gower - I) Ç 2 y 2 (Portland) a 2 s 2 a 2 y 2 (Gower-II) (Hb-F) a (Hb-A 2 ) a 2 þ 2 (Hb-A) Embryo 12 FetusAdult

Haematopoiesis

þ-thalassaemia >200 þ-globin gene mutations Common þ-globin gene mutations

Genetics.1 In the first 8 weeks of embryonic life the predominant forms of hemoglobin are: ◦ Hb Gower 1 (ζ2ε2). ◦ Hb Gower 2 (α2ε2). ◦ Hb Portland 1 (ζ2γ2). By the 12th week embryonic hemoglobin is replaced by Hb F (α2γ2) which represents 70 – 100% of hemoglobin in fetal life.

Genetics (2). Adult hemoglobin Hb A (α2β2) detectable from 6/12 after birth. Hemoglobin HbA2 (α2Δ2) is present in utero but only very minor in normal adults. In normal adults 96 – 98% of hemoglobin is HbA, Hb A2 (2 – 3%) and HbF (<1%) constitute a minor component of the total hemoglobin.

Chromosomes

Each goblin chain have separate genetic control α –thalassaemia affect α-chain synthesis β –thalassaemia affect β -chain synthesis

β-Thalassaemia β Chain synthesis Hb-A γ and δ chain Hb-A = α 2 β 2

 -thalassaemia phenotypes  -thalassaemia major Onset < 1 yearTransfusion dependent Many complications Markedly RBC Nucleated reds Majority HbF Genotypes: homozygous or compound heterozygous for  - thalassaemia alleles

β-thalassaemia major Mutation of normal β-gene  β 0 -gene  absence HbA  increased HA 2 and HbF genotype – β 0 β 0 β-thalassaemia intermedia ↑HbA 2 ↑HbF ↓HbA Genotype β + β + or β 0 β β-thalassaemia minor ↑HbA 2 HbA normal HbF normal

Partial or lack of HbA synthesis  ↓MCHC & MCH  Hypochromia & microcytosis Normal Thalassaemia

α-Thassaemia An absence or deficiency of α- chain synthesis due to delation of α-genes. Silent Carriers (heterozygotes +/-) 3 functional alpha globin genes No symptoms, but thalassemia could potentially appear in offspring

. Pathogenesis of α-Thalassaemia Normal  /  Silent carrier-  /  Minor -  /-  --/  Hb H disease--/-  Barts hydrops fetalis --/--

↓α-chain synthesis  free γ-chain in the fetus & β-chain in infant of 6 months, and continue in the rest of life. Complementary 4γ and 4 β are aggregated  Hb Bart ( 4γ ) and HbH (4 β ), respectively.

Example 1 Hamoud alhanzal has 1 mutation (IVS 1.5 [G>C]) and the genotype is heterozygote. 2- Amina alhamoud has 1 mutation (IVS 1.5 [G>C]) and the genotype is heterozygote. 3- The embryo has 2 mutations (IVS 1.5 [G>C]) / (IVS 1.5 [G>C]) and the genotype is homozygote. Conclusion: The embryo has 2 mutations in the β –globin gene. Therefore, the embryo has β –thalassemia

Dxample 2 M. Al-Kahr has 1 mutation (Codon 39 [C>T]) and the genotype is heterozygote. 2- K. Al-Kahr has 1 mutation (Codon 39 [C>T]) and the genotype is heterozygote. 3- The embryo has 2 mutations (Codon 39 [C>T]/Codon 39 [C>T]) and the genotype is homozygote. Conclusion: The embryo has 2 mutations in the β –globin gene. Therefore, the embryo has β –thalassemia.

Example 3: 1- Ali Khalaf has 1 mutation (Codon 39 [C>T]) and the genotype is heterozygote. 2- Amina Jadouah has 1 mutation (Codon 39 [C>T]) and the genotype is heterozygote. 3- The embryo has no mutations and the genotype is normal. Conclusion: The embryo has no mutations in the β –globin gene. Therefore, the embryo is normal

Genotypic - تنميط المورثات بعد الاشتباه الظاهري بالثلاسيمية يمكن لطرق من الـ PCR, dot-blot sequencing أن تحدد بدقة الطفرة أو الطفرات المسوؤلة وهي مكلفة جداً لذا يقتصر استخدامها على : - البحث عن الثلاسيمية عند طفل صغير السن. - البحث عن الثلاسيمية بعد نقل الدم. - تأكيد شك بالثلاسيمية عند البالغ عندما تكون نتائج رحلان خضاب الدم سلبية. - البحث عن طفرات معروفة عندما يكون التحقيق العائلي إيجابياً والتشخيص قبل الولادة عند الأزواج ذوي الخطورة

Thalassaemia control programs Clinics Haematology Lab Molecular Biology Lab Clinic Sc reen ing LabLab Molecular Biology Peripheral Center Reference Center Peripheral Center

Haemoglobin Low haemoglobin defines anaemia Males 13-18g/l Females g/l Variations: Children Neonates – 14-24g/l 2 months – g/l 9-12ys g/l Pregnancy 3 rd Trimester – g/l Age 5-7 th decade – falls in men rises in women Exercise Increases Hb Altitude Smoki ng

MCV Mean Cell Volume: average size of RBC Normal adult : 76 (80) fL MCV < 76 fL (microcytic) MCV > 100 fL (macrocytic) MCV fL (normocytic)

Reticulocyte count: In the investigation of anaemia Reduced: Failure of erythropoiesis Increased:Appropriate BM erythroid response

Blood Film

BLOOD SMEAR DIAGNOSIS Previous profiles show basophilic stippling is not the only abnormality present on a blood smear Merck manual states that a blood smear is almost diagnostic for beta thalassemia major due to many nucleated erythroblasts, target cells, small pale RBC and punctuate and diffuse basophilia. Basophilic stippling alone is not enough to diagnose and differentiate between the types of thalassemias

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) The degree of variation in size of RBC: N <14 Increased RDW corresponds with anisocytosis: Iron deficiency (increased RDW is the earliest lab feature: anisocytosis precedes the anaemia) Megaloblastic anaemia (can be very high >20) Anaemia with bone marrow erythroid response (i.e. reticulocytosis) RDW useful in DDx of microcytic anaemias. Most cases of iron deficiency: raised RDW Most cases thalassaemia trait: normal RDW

Different types of haemoglobins contain different surface charge which determine the elecrtrophoretic mobility and gives a specific bands on the electrophoretic papers when haemolysate is undergone eletrophoresis. HbF, HbA, HbA2, HbC, HbE, HbD, HbS, HbH and Hb Bart can be measured accurately by electrophoresis Haemoglobin Electrophoresis

Haemoglobin Studies Normal adult 2. HPFH (heterozygote) 3. Hb S--HPFH 4. Hb C--HPFH 5. Normal newborn A/F/S/C control

Laboratory diagnosis of thalassaemia by HPLC

Molecular diagnosis. To date many molecular defects have been defined in  - thalassemias byThe common polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures

Prenatal diagnosis. Early prenatal diagnosis can be done using first fetal blood sampling, and later chorion villus biopsy and direct analysis of the globin genes. The error rate in experienced centers is now well under 1%.

Pre marital screening to make sure that the couple are not both carriers. Provision of counseling and health education for the thalassemics, their families and the public. Provision of prenatal testing for thalassemia. Reduction of marriages between relatives. Prevention efforts

Counselling for hemoglobin disorders. Couples at risk for hemoglobin disorders may be identified retrospectively after the birth of an affected child, or prospectively by analyzing childless spouses. Prospective identification allows parents to have a disease-free family. Education of the public by mass media, posters, lectures, etc. was carried out in Sardinia, Italy. Special meetings were held with physicians and especially with pediatricians and obstetricians, family planning associations, nurses and social workers.

Problems commonly faced by thalassemia major patients in developing countries Reduced availability of blood for transfusion. Reduced availability of Desferal pumps, less than third of the patients have access to pumps. High cost of treatment. Limited services that blood banks are able to give. Unavailability of counseling services. Lack of experience and appropriate training among the health providers to handle thalassemia cases.

More Permanent Options  Bone Marrow Transplants  Replacing patient’s marrow with donor marrow  First performed on thalassemia patient in 1981  Difficult, because donor must be exact match for recipient  Even a sibling would only have a 1 in 4 chance of being a donor  Cord Blood Transplants  Rich in stem cells  Also needs to be an exact match

اخيرا : يجب اتخاذ إجراءات فاعلة للحد من انتشار الأمراض الوراثية ولا سيما على صعيد سن التشريعات ذات الصلة، بهذه المسألة - اتخاذ المؤسسات الرسمية المعنية، المزيد من الخطوات لمكافحة الأمراض الوراثية. - تعزيز دور المشرفين في مراقبة ودعم جهود وزارة الصحة، في مجال الحد من الأمراض الوراثية وغيرها. - تبني قانون للفحص الطبي قبل الزواج، وترسيخ العمل بالتعميم الصادر عن شتى الجهات الرسمية الخاص بالفحص الطبي قبل الزواج، وضمان عدم التلاعب به. ووضع المعنيين في صورة الخطة الوطنية المعتمدة.

THANKS