Catholic Reformation Reaction Against Protestantism

Terms and Figures: Terms and Figures: Oratory of Divine Love CaraffaGhibertiMysticism John of the Cross Teresa of Avila Ignatius of Loyola “Soldier of God” CapuchinsTheatinesUrsuilines Oratory of Divine Love Society/Company of Jesus Spiritual Exercises Francis Xavier Alexander Farnese (Pope Paul III) Council of Trent

SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM IN EUROPE

Church of Rome’s Response to Protestant Movements Throughout Europe Lutheranism – Germany & Scandinavia Lutheranism – Germany & Scandinavia Calvinism – Switzerland, France, Netherlands Calvinism – Switzerland, France, Netherlands Anglicanism - England Anglicanism - England

Pre- Protestant Reforms As a reaction to Humanism the Church understood the need to raise the moral and intellectual levels of the clergy As a reaction to Humanism the Church understood the need to raise the moral and intellectual levels of the clergy Pace of reforms quickened as the Reformation took a hold of places in Europe Pace of reforms quickened as the Reformation took a hold of places in Europe Oratory of Divine Love: Oratory of Divine Love: Council to fix corruption Council to fix corruption in the Church in the Church

16 th Century Mysticism Teresa of Avila Teresa of Avila John of the Cross John of the Cross Both had mystical experiences that help them institute reforms of the Carmelite Order

Mysticism’s Power John the Cross Poetry -"Where there is no love, put love -- and you will find love." John of the Cross believed it was just as dangerous to get attached to spiritual delights as worldly pleasures. “Do you expect to get something -- a good feeling, a sense of God -- from prayer or worship? Do you continue to pray and worship when you feel alone or dry?” –

Reforms within other Orders Benedictines Benedictines Dominicans Dominicans Capuchins (suborder of Franciscans) Capuchins (suborder of Franciscans)

New Orders & Brotherhoods Develop Theatines – reform clergy, work in orphanages & hospitals, war & plague victims Theatines – reform clergy, work in orphanages & hospitals, war & plague victims Ursulines – education of young women Ursulines – education of young women Oratory of Divine Love – emphasizing spiritual development and philosophy of Christ from teachings of Urasmus – (established before Luther 1497) Oratory of Divine Love – emphasizing spiritual development and philosophy of Christ from teachings of Urasmus – (established before Luther 1497)

Most Influential New Order Society of Jesus or Jesuits Society of Jesus or Jesuits Founder: Ignatius Loyola Founder: Ignatius Loyola

Ignatius Loyola Spanish Nobleman & Soldier Spanish Nobleman & Soldier Injured in Battle shot by a cannonball – shattered his knee and injured other leg and is force to stay in bed. Injured in Battle shot by a cannonball – shattered his knee and injured other leg and is force to stay in bed.

Motivation Has a similar drive for salvation to Luther Has a similar drive for salvation to Luther Reads Coblenz, The Life of Christ & Lives of the Saints which influence his faith Reads Coblenz, The Life of Christ & Lives of the Saints which influence his faith Decides to submit will to Holy Church and become a “Soldier of God.” Decides to submit will to Holy Church and become a “Soldier of God.”

“Soldier of God” Training Prayer Prayer Pilgrimage Pilgrimage Education Education Wrote “The Spiritual Exercises” Wrote “The Spiritual Exercises” Training manual for spiritual development Training manual for spiritual development Human will must be strengthened to follow God Human will must be strengthened to follow God

Jesuits Formed Small group of devote followers latch on to Ignatius (Including the famous Asian missionary Francis Xavier) Small group of devote followers latch on to Ignatius (Including the famous Asian missionary Francis Xavier) Papal bull 1540 recognizes the Society of Jesus and they become totally obedient to the Pope. Papal bull 1540 recognizes the Society of Jesus and they become totally obedient to the Pope. - “We should always be prepared so as never to err to believe that what I see as white is black, if the hierarchic Church defines it thus.” - “We should always be prepared so as never to err to believe that what I see as white is black, if the hierarchic Church defines it thus.” - Ignatius of Loyola

Society of Jesus Mentality Total obedience to Pope Total obedience to Pope Strict Hierarchical order – resembles military command Strict Hierarchical order – resembles military command Dedicated to engage in “Conflict for God” Dedicated to engage in “Conflict for God” Establish two year novitiate – Weed out the week Establish two year novitiate – Weed out the week One head of order One head of order Rules against begging Rules against begging

Jesuit Activities Education Education Spreading of Faith to Non-Christians Spreading of Faith to Non-Christians Combat Protestantism Combat Protestantism

Revived Papacy Pope Paul III Pope Paul III Appointed reform advocates as Cardinals Appointed reform advocates as Cardinals Created a reform commission Created a reform commission Called Council of Trent Called Council of Trent Holy Office or Roman Inquisition to rid doctrinal errors Holy Office or Roman Inquisition to rid doctrinal errors Pope Paul IV Pope Paul IV Increase power of commission Increase power of commission Created index of forbidden books Created index of forbidden books What are the results of this? What are the results of this?

Council of Trent Moderate v. Conservative Catholics Moderate v. Conservative Catholics Results Results 1. Scripture & Tradition 2. Faith & Good Works 3. 7 not 2 Sacraments 4. Transubstantiation 5. Clerical Celibacy 6. Purgatory 7. Indulgences but not the Hawking of Indulgences

Impact of the Council of Trent Seminaries for training of priest/clergy in every diocese Seminaries for training of priest/clergy in every diocese Became unified in doctrine against all other churches Became unified in doctrine against all other churches Catholicism set for next 400 years Catholicism set for next 400 years Militant phase of Catholic fervor begins Militant phase of Catholic fervor begins

Legacy/ Results of Catholic Reformation After 1550’s the spread of Protestantism is slowed and in some cases stopped completely – no new areas fall with the exception of the Netherlands After 1550’s the spread of Protestantism is slowed and in some cases stopped completely – no new areas fall with the exception of the Netherlands Baroque Architecture Baroque Architecture Church v. State – State gains power Church v. State – State gains power

Reformation Today 37,000 Christian Churches 37,000 Christian Churches