As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs, the Catholic Church makes reforms

 Switzerland Swiss priest Huldrych Zwingli  War breaks out between Catholics, Protestants Zwingli killed (1531)

 Institutes of the Christian Religion (1538) We are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation. Predestination  Calvinism Taught that people should enjoy God’s gifts.  No colorful clothes  Statues, incense, altars, candles, chants, organ music, and stained-glass windows, were not allowed in Calvinist church.

 Calvin says ideal government is theocracy-rule by religious leaders  Geneva becomes a strict Protestant theocracy led by Calvin

 John Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland, followers are called Presbyterians  Church governed by laymen called presbyters, or elders

 Calvin’s followers in France called Huguenots  Catholics massacre Huguenots in Paris (St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre) 12,000 Huguenots killed (1572)

 The Anabaptists  Anabaptists believe in separation of church and state, oppose wars, and share possessions  Influenced the Mennonites, Amish, Baptists, and Quakers

 Marguerite of Navarre protected Calvin in France  Katherina von Bora, Luther’s wife promotes equality in marriage

 AKA Counter Reformation  Um, didn’t we already have a Reformation? Catholics want to reform Church from within

 Leading Catholic reformer  His Spiritual Exercises (1522) calls for meditation, prayer, and study  Pope creates Society of Jesus religious order, the Jesuits led by Ignatius Start schools, convert non-Christians  Jesuit colleges in US Boston College, Georgetown University, Creighton, Gonzaga, Loyola, Marquette, St. Louis University, Xavier

 Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV lead reforms  Paul III calls Council of Trent to lay out reforms: Protestantism is bad Church’s interpretation of Bible is final Christians need faith and good works for salvation Bible and Church traditions equally important Indulgences are valid expressions of faith Better educated Catholic bishops and clergy  Use Inquisition to seek out heresy

 Paul IV issues Index of Forbidden Books (1559) Books burned

 Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation Catholic Church is unified; Protestant denominations grow Catholics and Protestants create schools throughout Europe Status of women does not improve

 Catholic Church’s power lessens  Power of monarchs and states grow  Reformation’s questioning of beliefs brings intellectual ferment  Late 18 th century sees a new intellectual movement-the Enlightenment

 Before 1500 scholars decided what was true or false by looking a Greek or Roman texts or the Bible.  During the Middle Ages, most scholars believed in the Geocentric Theory Aristotle and Ptolemy (both Greek) taught this idea  Christianity taught that God had deliberately placed the earth at the center of the universe

 Around 1500 new theories began the Scientific Revolution  Observation was important

 Sun centered theory  Copernicus, from Poland, presented this idea in On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres  Did not publish a book on this subject until the last year of his life. Why?

 From Italy  Published his book, Starry Messenger, about astronomy which supported the theories of Copernicus  His findings frightened both Catholic and Protestant leaders. (If people believed the church could be wrong about this, they could question other church teachings as well…)

 1616 Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus  1632 Galileo published another book which supported the Copernican theory  Pope ordered him to stand trial before the Inquisition  Galileo (under threat of torture) signed a confession that the ideas of Copernicus were false  Put under house arrest

 “With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies of Copernicus and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicious toward me.” Galileo

 A popular legend reports that as Galileo was being led away from the pope, he muttered, “And yet it moves.”  Although most historians reject this account, the statement was discovered inscribed on a portrait of Galileo painted around 1640.