Human World Part Three: Government, Economies, Trade, and Environment Chapter 4 section 3 and 4

Share ideas of BWs for government systems Student definition System?Government? Class definition

All 200 Nations of the World Have Territory: land Population: people Sovereignty: freedom from outside control

What must a government do? Make and enforce laws and policies for people in its territory How a govt does this is determined by the nation’s history Most large countries have several different levels of government to help it operate

Levels of Government

Unitary Central Government: Holds KEY power Creates other levels Keeps other levels very limited in their power State, provincial, or other local governments VERY limited in power Carry out decisions made by central govt Examples: United Kingdom and France developed from this type of govt!

Federal System National Government: Makes decisions at federal level Shares power with lower levels State Governments: Are allowed to make decisions for state as long as don’t contradict federal laws. Local Governments (parish/county/city): Are allowed to make decisions for parish/city as long as don’t contradict state or federal laws Examples: United States

Confederation Independent Territory Example: US was this following American Revolution but couldn’t get things done. The South created this before/during the Civil War. No one group is in charge and makes difficult to get things done!

Governments can be classified by asking whose is charge? Autocracy: one person Oligarchy: rule by few or small group Democracy: rule by many

Autocracy: Rule By One (oldest form of govt) Dictatorships ruled by single leader (dictator) ruled by single leader (dictator) Get power by taking is with force or being elected and then dismantling rest of govt Get power by taking is with force or being elected and then dismantling rest of govt examples are Hitler in Nazi Germany, Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in Soviet Union examples are Hitler in Nazi Germany, Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in Soviet UnionMonarchies Ruled by one (monarch =king, queen, emperor, empress, czar) Ruled by one (monarch =king, queen, emperor, empress, czar) Get power by inheriting it/by birth Get power by inheriting it/by birth Example: Absolute Monarchy Example: Absolute Monarchy king or queen has total and unlimited power Is rare today but one is found in Saudi Arabia Example: Constitutional monarchy Example: Constitutional monarchy monarchs share power with an elected lawmaking body or just serve as ceremonial leaders United Kingdom, Sweden, Japan, Jordan, and Thailand currently have this form of government

Oligarchy Ruled by a small group of people gets power from wealth, military power, social position, or a combination of these Hold “elections” that offer only one candidate or have elected law making group but all decisions and policies are already made by the leaders Example: governments of communist countries like China where leaders of Communist Party and military control the government

Democracy Ruled by the people Get power by being voted in Direct democracy ALL citizens meet to decide on issues ALL citizens meet to decide on issues Ancient Greece used to do this but now only exists now at local levels of govts Ancient Greece used to do this but now only exists now at local levels of govts Representative democracy people elect representatives people elect representatives Representatives have responsibility and power to make laws Representatives have responsibility and power to make laws Lawmakers might be called a council, a legislature, a congress or a parliament Lawmakers might be called a council, a legislature, a congress or a parliament Enforcers of law also elected like president Enforcers of law also elected like president Republic (another name for representative democracy) voters elect major officials voters elect major officials the US and France have this the US and France have this United Kingdom is a monarchy that has some democratic qualities (have a queen but also vote for members its lawmaking body and the prime minister=who actually runs the nation)

Rap Summary Two ways types of government are similar Two ways types of government are different Which one is the best? Why?

Add to BW slip for Government Systems Draw List in blank on right hand side examples

Economic Systems

Share Economic System Buzz Word Student definition SystemEconomy Class definition

What are the 3 basic economic decisions that all systems must make? What and how many goods and services should be produced? How they should be produced? Who gets the goods and services that are produced?

Three major economic systems Traditional Economy Market Economy Command Economy

traditional economy Habit and custom decide all economic activities NOT free to make decisions MUST do things the way elders and ancestors did them Very few in world today Example is the Inuit society in Northern Canada (share food from hunt with other families in village)

Market Economy Individuals and private groups make decisions Own property Make profit and can reinvest it Government does NOT interfere People chose what want to buy Businesses make more of what they think people want Also known as free enterprise Capitalism is another name for it Some people think this is unfair and the rich get richer while poor stay poor

Mixed Economy NO nation of world has PURE market economy Most economies are MIXED including the US Government supports and regulates free enterprise Taxes (higher for richer) Taxes (higher for richer) Regulations (can’t sell certain items) Regulations (can’t sell certain items) Government tries to allow for free and fair competition Provides social supports like Medicaid, food stamps, public housing

Command Economy Government owns what need to make goods Government controls who gets the goods Believe this is to benefit ALL society EQUALLY Distribute goods equally among all citizens Taxes are used to support housing and healthcare for all citizens Citizens have NO say in how tax money is spent Two types are communism and socialism

communism Govt decides how much to produce, what to produce and how to distribute the goods The Communist Party makes decisions and may use threats to make sure obey Some businesses may not improve their products cause why should they?! Often these decline overtime like in the Soviet Union Russia, China and Vietnam Allowing more free enterprise policies since 2000 Allowing more free enterprise policies since 2000 Govts still have tight control on political matters Govts still have tight control on political matters

Socialism Govt allows more economic freedoms than in communism 3 main goals Equal distribution of wealth and economic opportunities Equal distribution of wealth and economic opportunities Control society through of decisions by govt about public goods Control society through of decisions by govt about public goods Govt owns services and factories that are important Govt owns services and factories that are importantCanada Example of socialist economy Example of socialist economy people have basic human rights people have basic human rights People elect political leaders People elect political leaders

Socialism v Communism

Add to BW slip for Economic Systems Draw List three questions that determine type List types

BW: Natural Resources

Natural Resources Natural resources elements from Earth that are NOT made by people elements from Earth that are NOT made by people Can be used by them for food, fuel or other necessities Can be used by them for food, fuel or other necessities Exs: Trees, oil, minerals Exs: Trees, oil, minerals Renewable resources Cannot be used up or can be replaced naturally or grown again in relatively short time Cannot be used up or can be replaced naturally or grown again in relatively short time Exs: Wind, water, solar energy, forests, and animal life Exs: Wind, water, solar energy, forests, and animal life Nonrenewable resources Cannot be replaced (in a reasonable amount of time) Cannot be replaced (in a reasonable amount of time) Minerals and fossil fuels (coal and oil) Minerals and fossil fuels (coal and oil)

Add to BWs for Natural Resources Class Definition List examples of Renewable and non renewable Draw Draw

BW Conservation Student Definition

Conservation/Add to BW To preserve something so that you be able to use it later Immediate goal is to manage important resources so that our needs are met NOW Long term goal is to manage resource use so that needs of future generations are met Right hand side: Should we be concerned about resources for our future generations? Why or why not? Draw

3 renewable resources that could replace dependence on fossil fuels Hydroelectric power: energy generated from falling water (must be near water) Hydroelectric power: energy generated from falling water (must be near water) Solar Power: power from sun’s energy (can be expensive to set up) Nuclear power: power created by controlling atomic reactions (produces dangerous waste) Portugal recently opened first wave power plant

Economies and World Trade

Economic Activities Not all places have same resource so areas specialize in different jobs (see map page 107) Primary economic activities take or use natural resources directly from earth take or use natural resources directly from earth Farming, fishing, forestry, and mining Farming, fishing, forestry, and mining Done near the natural resources being used Done near the natural resources being used Secondary economic activities use raw materials to produce something new and more valuable use raw materials to produce something new and more valuable carmaking or electronics carmaking or electronics usually done close to the source or market for the good usually done close to the source or market for the good Tertiary economic activities services for people like doctors, teachers, lawyers services for people like doctors, teachers, lawyers don’t really need natural resources for it don’t really need natural resources for it Quaternary economic activities processing, management and distribution of information processing, management and distribution of information very important in this information age very important in this information age teachers, government jobs, researchers teachers, government jobs, researchers

Industrialization Making of goods with machines instead of hands This determines whether your nation is developed or developing

Developed Countries: BW Countries that have much technology and manufacturing Ex: US Most work in manufacturing, service, or information jobs High standard of living Only small number needed to grow the food

Developing Countries: BW Countries that are trying to have more manufacturing and technology use are considered this Mainly found in Africa, Asia, and Latin America Agriculture is main way of life Most grow only enough to feed family: subsistence farming Few participate in commercial farming: growing extra crops to sell for money Most remain poor

Conflicts b/t Developing and Developed Nations?? Some developing countries get jealous over the stuff the developed ones have Some terrorist attacks have occurred because militants from developing nations believed that fear and violence will hurt and punish developed nations

One Factor that Influences World Trade: Uneven Distribution natural resources are unevenly distributed (some have more of one resource than another) Export: sell extra goods that are produced by your nation to others that don’t have them Import: buy goods that your nation doesn’t have at all or not enough of from other nations

Labor Costs and Education Levels also Influence World Trade Areas were people are willing to work for cheap (lower education) is where goods are manufactured Areas were people can demand higher pay (better education) are normally where the main offices of a company are kept

Multinational Firms A business that has many locations around the world Locate main offices in developed countries where people are better educated Locate manufacturing and assembly plants in developing countries where they can pay their workers less money 

Barriers to Trade Used to protect economy of a nation Tariffs: tax on imported goods (raise them makes people buy products from your nation ) Strict quota: number limit on the quantity of a particular product Strict quota: number limit on the quantity of a particular product Embargo: banning all trade with another country Is this free trade????? NOPE! Free trade is when these barriers are removed so that goods can flow freely among countries

Multinational Economic Organizations (BW) Created of several nations to promote free trade among nations by keeping barriers limited Created of several nations to promote free trade among nations by keeping barriers limitedGATT: General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade first internal organization to promote free trade first internal organization to promote free trade is now called the WTO=World Trade Organizations is now called the WTO=World Trade Organizations Most nations of world are members including the US Most nations of world are members including the USNAFTA: US, Mexico, and Canada are members US, Mexico, and Canada are members have lowered the barriers on goods b/t these nations have lowered the barriers on goods b/t these nations the EU (European Union) includes many countries of Europe includes many countries of Europe many use the same currency the euro to make trade easier b/t the nations many use the same currency the euro to make trade easier b/t the nations

People and the Environment

Pollution Caused by Economic Activities Pollution: the release of unclean or toxic elements into the air, water, and land

Water Pollution Oil tankers and offshore drilling rigs cause oil spills that take a long time to be purified Industries dump chemical wastes into rivers or even on land that eventually gets into water supply Fertilizers, pesticides, animal waste and untreated sewage can also get into groundwater

Land Pollution Occurs when chemical waste poisons fertile top soil or solid waste is dumped into landfills Radioactive waste from nuclear plants and toxic runoff from processing plants can also leak into soil

Air Pollution Main source is burning of fossil fuels by industries and vehicles which can be harmful to humans Acidic chemicals can mix with precipitation to form acid rain which can eat away at surfaces of buildings, kill fish, and destroy forests

Why need to protect forests? provide places for animals to live carry on photosynthesis which is responsible for much of the oxygen in the atmosphere that is needed for human and animal survival

Possible Effects of Global Warming Some believe rising levels of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is causing to general increase in the Earth’s temperature It is possible if happening that glaciers and ice caps may melt and levels of oceans would rise

Natural Ecosystems Places where plants and animals are dependent upon one another and their environment for survival Humans are endangering these with their economic activities As one part of the biosphere gets messed up it affects all parts It is hoped that people will use their resources more wisely to avoid future problems.

Review Explain one way all the main types of governments are the same.(3 pts) Explain one way all the main types of governments are different. (3 pts) Which do you think is best?(2 pts) Explain why. (3 pts) Which economic system would be most beneficial for you to live in? Why? (3 pts) Which economic system would you least like to live in? Why? (3 pts) Do you think we should conserve our natural resources for future generations?(2 pts) Explain why or why not. (3 pts) Describe an alternative source of energy that could be used and explain why that one in particular is not used more frequently as a source of energy. (4 pts)