People settle in areas around fresh water sources

Population Growth Lesser Developed Countries tend to have rapid population growth Newly Industrialized Countries have a slowing growth rate, with a growing working class population Most Developed Countries have a slow to negative growth rate.

Push and Pull Factors Push factors are reasons that people migrate away from an area. Some of these reasons could be because of war, famine, poverty, political or religious persecution. Pull factors are reasons that people migrate to an area. Some of these reasons could be economic opportunity, religious freedom, political freedom, or any other positive factor.

Yellow River Valley Culture Hearth wheel barrow, horse harness, row cultivation, and plow water chain pump (water goes up) metal casting water-driven astronomical clock crossbow, rudder, gas lamp, block printing, abacus, paper, porcelain, silk, kites, & playing cards

Mesopotamia Civilization Code of Laws – Hammurabi’s Code Writing – Cuneiform System for calculating time and angles based on 60

Nile River Valley Civilization Medical Advancements Mathematical Advancements Hieroglyphics

Indus River Valley Town Planning Sanitation Systems Uniform Weights and Measures

Common Characteristics of Culture Hearths Near a river source Arable Land Temperate Climate Abundance of Food

World Population 61% of the world’s population lives in Asia Around 50% of the world’s population live in urban areas. Life expectancy of LDC’s is around 53 years Life expectancy of MDC’s is around 78 years The approximate U.S. population is around 316 million

Scarcity Something is scarce when we do not have enough of it. The world’s resources are not evenly distributed. People usually have unlimited wants. A society can produce only a limited number of things at any one time. There is only a certain amount of available goods and services – so a society can not fulfill all of everyone’s needs.

Free Enterprise Economy Resources are privately owned Economic decisions are made by individuals that are competing to make profits Individual freedom is very important Economic decisions are made by the principals of supply and demand Profit is the motive for increasing work Also known as Capitalist, Free-Market, or Market Economy

Socialist Economy Government and individuals share the decision making process Government guides and regulates production of goods and services offered Individuals own means of production Government protects workers from unfair policies Government is involved in the economy by providing goods and services (health care, education, retirement) – paid by taxes Most Western European countries. Major industries – oil, air, rail, electricity are owned by government. Also known as mixed economy

Communist Economy Central authority makes decisions and decides how resources shall be used. There is little individual freedom There is no competition Also known as command economy (gov. commands what you do) Businesses are not run to create a profit Consumers have few choices in the market place Factories must meet quotas Government sets the prices.

Free Enterprise Consumer demand con t rols production Private ownership of factors of production Government provides for basic needs Socialism Communism Distribution of goods is determined by both market demand and government control Major factors of production owned by government Government provides some basic needs Government determines the distribution of goods Government provides all basic needs Government controls all factors of production Economic Systems Traditional Economies are based on tradition and customs. Life is very similar to the life of their ancestors.

Sovereignty The world is made up of nearly 200 independent countries. Each has sovereignty – the power to make and enforce laws without having to check with a higher power. Government has 4 functions and make laws to carry out these functions: maintain order provide defense supply public services Make economic decisions

Levels of Government There are three levels of government – unitary systems, federal systems, and confederations. Definition of UNITARY SYSTEM: One central government controls weaker states. Power is not shared between states, counties, or provinces. Definition of FEDERAL SYSTEM: Power is shared by a powerful central government and states or provinces that are given considerable self-rule, usually through their own legislatures. Definition of CONFEDERATION: A weak or loose organization of states agrees to follow a powerful central government. nations can choose to follow or not follow the lead of the weak central government.

Autocracy – Type of Government where the power and authority to rule are given to a single individual. 3 types of Autocracies: Dictator, Totalitarian, and Absolute Monarch Dictator – the decisions of a single leader determine government policies. Can come to power by election or revolution. Government is not responsible for the people, and the people have no power Stay in power by using the police, media, and military. Examples – Zimbabwe (Robert Mugabe), Cuba (Raul Castro), and Venezuela (Hugo Chavez)

Totalitarian – Institutions help a dictator to control every part of a citizen’s life (social and economic). Can come to power by election or revolution. Government is not responsible for the people, and the people have no power Stay in power by ruthless use of military or police. Institutions (Schools, military, government, religion, news, and media to spread the ideas of the government) Censorship! Dissidents (people who disagree) are imprisoned or killed. Absolute Monarchy – a king, queen, emir, emperor, or sultan exercises the power of the government. Usually hereditary (inherited - passed down from parent to child) monarch has complete and unlimited power to rule the people. Examples – Saudi Arabia (King Abdallah), Tonga (King George Tupou V), Brunei (Sultan Haji Bolkiah Hassanal)

Power Oligarchy – type of government in which a small groups holds the power. usually comes from wealth, military power, social position, or a combination of these elements. Four types of Oligarchies: Military strength = Military Junta Military strength = Military Junta Family power = Aristocracy (no current) Family power = Aristocracy (no current) Religious control = Theocracy Religious control = Theocracy One political party ex: Communist Party One political party ex: Communist Party

Democracy is a type of government in which leaders rule with the consent (approval) of the citizens – they vote. The people hold the power. 4Types of Democracies (direct, representative, republic, constitutional monarch): Direct Democracy – citizens themselves decide on issues. Used in some places for local government level, but not for countries. In this type of democracy each citizen votes on every issue. Only works for small areas. No current, but ancient Athens had this (only free men could vote) Representative Democracy – citizens elect representatives. The representatives have the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct the business of government. The legislature often elects the highest office. Examples: India, Lithuania, and Turkey Some Representative Democracies are Republics – citizens elect all major government officials. The officials are responsible to the people through elections. There is a constitution (written set of rules and rights). Examples: US, Brazil & Kenya