AP Biology Sexual Reproduction

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AP Biology Sexual & asexual reproduction  Asexual  offspring all have same genes (clones)  no variation  Sexual  gametes (sperm & egg)  fertilization  mixing of genes  variation

AP Biology Parthenogenesis  Development of an unfertilized egg  honey bees  drones = males produced through parthenogenesis  haploid  workers & queens = females produced from fertilized eggs  diploid queenworkerdrone

AP Biology Different strokes… parthenogenesis in aphids “lesbian” lizards sex-change in fish gay penguins

AP Biology Hermaphrodites flat worm earthworms mating  Having functional reproductive system of both sexes

AP Biology Fertilization  Joining of egg & sperm  external  usually aquatic animals  Development is metamorphosis  internal  usually land animals

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AP Biology Development  External  development in eggs  fish & amphibians in water  soft eggs= exchange across membrane  birds & reptiles on land  hard-shell amniotic eggs  structures for exchange of food, O 2 & waste  sharks & some snakes  live births from eggs  Internal  placenta  exchange food & waste  live birth

AP Biology Adaptive advantages?  What is the adaptive value of each type of sexual reproduction  number of eggs?  level of parental of care  habitat?

AP Biology External Fertilization Sperm released into watery environment Eggs released into watery environment. Fertilization occurs in environment. # of sperm released? # of eggs released? Why? Internal Fertilization Sperm released inside female body (vagina). Eggs released into oviduct. Fertilization occurs in oviduct (aka?). # of sperm released? # of eggs released? Why? TONS! One (or few)

AP Biology Other really weird organisms! marsupials monotremes

AP Biology Human Reproduction

AP Biology Reproductive hormones  Testosterone  from testes  functions  sperm production  2° sexual characteristics  Estrogen  from ovaries  functions  egg production  prepare uterus for fertilized egg  2° sexual characteristics LH & FSH testes or ovaries

AP Biology Sex hormone control in males Hypothalamus Pituitary Testes Body cells GnRH FSH & LH testosterone

AP Biology  Sperm production  over 100 million produced per day!  ~2.5 million released per drop! Male reproductive system

AP Biology Male reproductive system  Testicles  produces sperm & hormones  Scrotum  sac that holds testicles outside of body to regulate temperature  Epididymis  where sperm mature  Vas deferens  tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis  Prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s (bulbourethal) glands  nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm  buffer to counteract acids in vagina

AP Biology Spermatogenesis Epididymis Testis Coiled seminiferous tubules Vas deferens Cross-section of seminiferous tubule Spermatozoa Spermatids (haploid) 2° spermatocytes (haploid) 1° spermatocyte (diploid) Germ cell (diploid) MEIOSIS II MEIOSIS I

AP Biology Male Naughty Bits Review! scrotum testis epididymus vas deferens cowpers gland rectum seminal vesicle urinary bladder prostate gland urethra penis

AP Biology Boy Parts & Jobs Testes: Produce Sperm Scrotum: Outer pocket of skin to keep testes cooler for ideal conditions for sperm development. Epididymis: A collection area for mature sperm. Vas Deferens: Carries sperm to the urethra and stores mature sperm Seminal Vesicles: secrete sugars and nutrients Bulbourethral glands: inject mucus Semen: a mix of sperm and nutrient containing fluid.

AP Biology Sperm anatomy tail

AP Biology Female reproductive system

AP Biology Female reproductive system  Ovaries  produces eggs & hormones  Uterus  nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month  Fallopian tubes/oviduct  tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus  fertilization  Cervix  opening to uterus, dilates 10cm (4 inches) for birthing baby  Vagina  birth canal for birthing baby

AP Biology Female reproductive system

AP Biology Female Naughty Bits Review ovary oviduct uterus urinary bladder urethra vagina cervix rectum

Girlie Parts & Jobs Ovaries: Produce & release mature eggs. Oviduct: carries egg to uterus, fertilization occurs here. Uterus: Site of embryo development. Vagina: Birth canal and site of sperm deposit.

AP Biology LH FSH estrogen progesterone lining of uterus egg developmentovulation = egg release corpus luteum days Menstrual cycle Hypothalamus Pituitary Ovaries Body cells GnRH FSH & LH estrogen

AP Biology Egg production Meiosis 1 completed during egg maturation Meiosis 2 completed triggered by fertilization ovulation  Oogenesis  eggs in ovaries halted before Anaphase 1  Meiosis 1 completed during maturation  Meiosis 2 completed after fertilization  1 egg + 2 polar bodies What is the advantage of this development system? unequal division

AP Biology Egg maturation in ovary  Corpus luteum  produces progesterone to maintain uterine lining

Menstrual Cycle revisited FSH:Stimulates the follicle to produce an ovum-(pituitary) LH:Causes ovulation (release of ovum)-(pituitary) Estrogen:Prepares the uterine lining-(ovary) Progesterone:Maintains the uterine lining for implantation-(ovary)

Negative Feedback

AP Biology Female hormones  FSH & LH  release from pituitary  stimulates egg development & hormone release  peak release = release of egg (ovulation)  Estrogen  released from ovary cells around developing egg  stimulates growth of lining of uterus  lowered levels = menstruation  Progesterone  released from “corpus luteum” in ovaries  cells that used to take care of developing egg  stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus  lowered levels = menstruation

Finally, I made it! You got any questions?