Chapter 12 Section 1-The Industrial Revolution

By mid 1700’s – greater demand for manufactured goods. The need to make things more efficient led to the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution Period of rapid growth in using machinery for manufacturing and production Began in Britain Machines too large to be kept in private homes

Textile Industry Produced cloth items

Richard Arkwright invented the water frame- large spinning machine

Effect Used rivers as power source Creation of large mills and factories Produced cloth faster and cheaper Britain made it illegal for any skilled mechanic or machine plans to leave the country

Samuel Slater Memorized the designs of textile machines Disguised himself as a farmer to immigrate to the U.S. Formed a partnership with Smith Brown and William Almy in 1793 and opened the first mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island Became rich

Eli Whitney proposed to mass produce guns for the government –“I am persuaded that machinery moved by water {and} adapted to this business would greatly reduce the labor and facilitate {ease} the manufacture of this article.” Made interchangeable parts –Easy to assemble –Able to replace broken parts –Sped up mass production of goods

War of 1812 Americans weren’t able to get manufactured goods from overseas due to blockades. Americans boycotted British products that Americans also produced. “to be independent for the comforts of life we must fabricate {make} them ourselves” Thomas Jefferson Caused a boost in American factories People begin investing in manufacturing. Americans had relied too much on foreign goods which made them weak and open to attack.

Section 2

Rhode Island System Slater found it hard to find workers for new factories Switched to hiring families. (children paid much less than adults for same work) Built housing for workers (Slatersville) Built company store were workers could purchase needed items (sometimes paid workers with a store credit)

Lowell System Changed textile industry in the Northwest Employed young unmarried women –$2-$4 a week –12-14 hour days Provided boardinghouses where the women lived and ate –Paid $1.25 for room and board First factory in Waltham, Massachusetts in 1874 very successful. Largest factory in Lowell, Massachusetts Girls called Lowell girls

Lowell (cont) Women encouraged to take classes, form women clubs, etc in free time –Lucy Larcom wrote the magazine “Lowell Offering” about the mill Girls generally stayed at the mill for four years.

Effects –Long hours –Life controlled by the bell –Cotton dust caused health problems –Loud noise cause hearing loss –Machines set at increasing higher speeds sometimes caused injury and death

Factory Goods Lower priced than shop created goods Produced quicker than shop created goods Competition between shop and factories cause reduction in pay for workers

Trade Unions 1840’s- immigrants willing to work for low pay Skilled workers face low wages and loss of jobs to immigrants Form trade unions to protect jobs, improve pay and working conditions Employers didn’t want to hire union workers and believed the higher costs prevented competition Labor- staged strikes for better pay and working conditions –Courts and police support companies not the workers

Sarah G. Bagley founded Lowell Female Labor Reform Association elected vice-president of the New England Working Men’s Association Goals –Fight for a 10 hour work day –End child labor –Improve working conditions

Section3

Transportation Revolution Created a boom in business Reduced shipping time and cost Caused by –Steamboat –Steam-powered trains

Steamboat Robert Fulton- created first full-sized commercial steamboat, Clermont. Traveled against the river current and didn’t rely on wind power Increased profits because able to move goods quickly and cheaply 1850’s- carried people and goods across the Atlantic Ocean.

Gibbons vs Ogden Conflict over interstate commerce Ogden sued Gibbons for operating in waters that Ogden said he owned. Gibbons said that his federal license gave him the right to use the New York waterways case went to the Supreme Court –Decision- reinforced the federal governments authority to regulate trade between states –Ends monopolies

Railroads Peter Cooper-created a small locomotive, Tom Thumb. Race between train and horse drawn cart proved the power and speed of the train ,000 miles of track Linked every major city Hauled freight from manufactories and farms to distant markets Became the most powerful business Fastest form of transportation- people more worried over keeping to the schedule than staying on the track

Railroad- Changes Brought goods to distant markets quicker and cheaper Helped create a national economy Helped link communities together Wealth centered in the North Contributed to the expansion of new businesses –Logging industry, newspapers, etc. Contributed to the expansion of the national borders –Towns grew at railroad junctions and suffered if not connected by railroad –Brought new settlers and raw materials –Created pride in the nation

Fuel Changes Wood used as primary fuel source in transportation and homes Switch to coal because it produced twice as much energy as wood. –Began coal mining industry in PA, western VA, and Illinois –New towns –Deep gashes in the earth –Used to heat new metal (steel)

Section 4 Technological Advances

Samuel F. B. Morse Created the telegraph- device that sent pulses of electric current through wire Alfred Lewis Vail- developed Morse Code- system of dots and dashes to represent letters sent through the telegraph People thought Morse was pretending to receive messages sent news of the Democratic Conventions presidential candidate nomination to Washington, D.C. quickly Began to follow the railroad lines

Factories Switch from water power to steam power Move factories away from rivers –Easier access to workers so able to pay lower wages –Reduced shipping costs

John Deere designed a steel plow –Enabled farmers to plow more land and grow more crops in the Midwest

Cyrus McCormick created the mechanical reaper- harvesting machine Gave demonstrations, advertised, repair and parts department, allowed farmers to buy on credit Allowed farmers to produce large crops

Home Improvements Sewing Machine- invented by Elias Howe 1830’s – iceboxes were invented- store fresh food longer 1830’s – matches were invented Cook stoves replaced cook fires and hearths safety pin was invented by Walter Hunt Mass production of goods also made other inventions affordable to the average person –Clocks –Alexis de Tocqueville- “{Americans want} to be always making life comfortable and convenient”