Vitamins Detailed 2

Fat-soluble Vitamins Carried through your body by fats. Carried through your body by fats. Can be stored by your body. Can be stored by your body. A D E K

Vitamin E Keeps oxygen in the body from destroying other nutrients, especially vitamin A. Keeps oxygen in the body from destroying other nutrients, especially vitamin A. So many foods contain vitamin E that people rarely suffer from deficiencies or shortages. So many foods contain vitamin E that people rarely suffer from deficiencies or shortages. Sources: Vegetable oils, whole grain breads and cereals, eggs, organ meats, and leafy green vegetables.

Fat-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition NameRecommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary Sources Function Symptoms of Deficiency Vitamin A 1000  g (800  g of Retinol) Green and yellow vegetables and fruits, fish oils, eggs, dairy products Formation of visual pigments, maintenance of mucous membranes, transport of nutrients across cell membranes Night blindness, skin lesions, eye disease (Excess: hyperirritability, skin lesions, bone decalcification, increased pressure on the brain) Vitamin D 7.5  g of Cholecalciferol Fish oils, liver; provitamins in skin activated by sunlight Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism Rickets (Excess: retarded mental and physical growth in children) Vitamin E (tocopherol) 10 mg (8 mg) of  -Tocopherol Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, wheat germ Maintenance of cell membrane Increased fragility of red blood cells Vitamin K  g b Green leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors in the liver Failure of coagulation of blood, (Excess: hemolytic anemia and liver damage)

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolation Structure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Vitamin E

*Chain-breaking antioxidant Fat-soluble*Free radical scavenger phase*Singlet oxygen quencher *Efficient at high oxygen pressure Beta-carotene*Singlet oxygen quencher Fat-soluble*Chain-breaking antioxidant phase*Free radical scavenger *Efficient at low oxygen pressure Vitamin C *Free radical scavenger Water-soluble*Singlet oxygen quencher phase *Regeneration of vitamin E Antioxidant Fuctions

Autoxidation and Antioxidant Reactions Involving Vitamin E 1. Initiation (formation of a free radical) 2. Reaction of radical with oxygen 3. Propagation LO 2. + LH. L + LOOH 4. Antioxidant reaction LH L Initiatiors. LLO 2. + O 2. LO 2 + E E. + LOOH.

Autoxidation and Antioxidant Reactions Involving Vitamin E 5. Regeneration. E + CE. C. + NADPH Semidehydro ascorbade reductase C + NADPE. + 2GSH Enzyme? E + GSSG. GSSG + NADPH Glutathione reductase 2GSH + NADP

Autoxidation and Antioxidant Reactions Involving Vitamin E 6. Termination E + EE - E (dimer).. EEOOL (?) + LO 2..

Fat-soluble Vitamins Carried through your body by fats. Carried through your body by fats. Can be stored by your body. Can be stored by your body. A D E K

Vitamin K Helps blood clot. Helps blood clot. Many foods contain vitamin K. Many foods contain vitamin K. Sources: Green leafy vegetables, cauliflower, liver, and egg yolk.

Fat-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition NameRecommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary Sources Function Symptoms of Deficiency Vitamin A 1000  g (800  g of Retinol) Green and yellow vegetables and fruits, fish oils, eggs, dairy products Formation of visual pigments, maintenance of mucous membranes, transport of nutrients across cell membranes Night blindness, skin lesions, eye disease (Excess: hyperirritability, skin lesions, bone decalcification, increased pressure on the brain) Vitamin D 7.5  g of Cholecalciferol Fish oils, liver; provitamins in skin activated by sunlight Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism Rickets (Excess: retarded mental and physical growth in children) Vitamin E (tocopherol) 10 mg (8 mg) of  -Tocopherol Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, wheat germ Maintenance of cell membrane Increased fragility of red blood cells Vitamin K  g b Green leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors in the liver Failure of coagulation of blood, (Excess: hemolytic anemia and liver damage)

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolation Structure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is required for proper clotting of blood