Energy, organisms and Thermodynamics Chp 2

1) Energy   All living organisms require energy for every life process

2) Chemical energy Energy is stored in the BONDS of organic molecules as chemical energy  Carbohydrates – Easily available energy  Fats – Stored energy for future use  Proteins and nucleic acids also have energy, but it is harder to metabolize

3) Free energy  When organic molecules are broken to release energy, most of the energy is lost as heat.  Free energy is the Energy that is available to do work and not lost as heat

4) The WORK of cells  Building organic molecules  Breaking apart molecules  Organizing molecules into cell structures  Transporting molecules through out cell and to other cells,  Movement such as muscle contraction

5) How do organisms get energy they need?  EAT other organisms  Obtain from non- livings things

Flow of energy

6) Autotrophs – Auto/troph = Self/eat Obtain energy from non-living sources Ex. Plants get energy from sun

7) Photosynthesis Photosynthesis = Light/make Process of plant converting sun energy to food energy

8) Photoautotrophs – organisms that use Sunlight to make food Plants, Phytoplankton

9) Chemosynthesis = chemical/make Converting of CO 2 or methane into sugars with out light Happens on bottom of ocean at mid-ocean ridge

10) Chemoautotrophs Organisms that Obtain their energy from non-living chemicals Mostly bacteria

11) Heterotrophs Means other/eat Organisms that must obtain their energy by eating other organisms (consumers)

12) Cell respiration The chemical reactions in ALL living things that release free energy from organic compounds. (like sugar)

13) Heterotrophs vs. autotrophs Autotrophs produce biological energy compounds Heterotrophs use the energy compounds from autotrophs Autotrophs also use their own energy compounds

14) Energy Cycle in ecosystem Autotrophs (plants) Cell Respiration CO 2 O 2 Photosynthesis Heterotrophs (consumers) Organic Nutrients & Energy (sugars) Inorganic chemicals

QUESTION Why do arrows for CO 2 and O 2 go both ways from plant? Autotrophs (plants) Cell Respiration CO 2 O 2 Photosynthesis Heterotrophs (consumers) Organic Nutrients & Energy (sugars) Inorganic chemicals

Thermodynamics Thermo = heat Thermo = heat Dynamics = motion Dynamics = motion

15) First Law of Thermodynamics = = Law of “Conservation of Energy”. = Energy can NOT be created or destroyed, but it can be changed

Energy transformation

16) Second Law of thermodynamics = “ = “Entropy” = Systems tend to change in a way that tends to increase disorder. The Universe is becoming more disorganized

Entropy is a fact of Life "Now, in the second law of thermodynamics..." reproduced with permission, Copyright © by Sidney HarrisCopyright © by Sidney Harris

Entropy happens

17) Energy is lost as HEAT at each trophic (eating) level Only 10% of energy is transferred to next level, 90% is lost Only 10% of energy is transferred to next level, 90% is lost Living things have complex organization to combat entropy Living things have complex organization to combat entropy

18) Non living and dead things lose energy quickly as HEAT loss Ex. A burning Log gives off heat Ex. A burning Log gives off heat

19) Metabolism – when Living things “burn” food calories BUT, metabolism occurs slowly to store some energy for later use. BUT, metabolism occurs slowly to store some energy for later use. This usable energy is called FREE ENERGY This usable energy is called FREE ENERGY

20) All Organisms produces heat energy and free energy

21) The form of free energy is a molecule called ATP A Tee Pee? A Tee Pee? No, No, This kind

22) ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate Adenosine Tri Phosphate The energy “currency” of living things The energy “currency” of living things

ATP is Currency of Cell => =>

23) ATP Has 3 subunits Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose (Nitrogen base) (5 carbon sugar) (Nitrogen base) (5 carbon sugar) Tri = three Tri = three Phosphate = 1 Phosphorus, 4 oxygens Phosphate = 1 Phosphorus, 4 oxygens

24) ATP is made during the process of cellular respiration Occurs in the Mitochondria Occurs in the Mitochondria

25) ATP’s energy is stored energy in Phosphate bonds ATP Energy is released when the high energy Phosphate bond is broken ATP Energy is released when the high energy Phosphate bond is broken ATP forms ADP by breaking off a phosphate ATP forms ADP by breaking off a phosphate ADP = Adenosine Di Phosphate ADP = Adenosine Di Phosphate

26) Like your cell phone Charged Phone like ATP Charged Phone like ATP Battery low like ADP Battery low like ADP Can recharge over and over Can recharge over and over

27) The free energy released from ATP can be used to do work

28) Without Free energy Energy is lost as heat Energy is lost as heat