Race 3 major anthropological racial groups based on skull: Chapter 12 Race 3 major anthropological racial groups based on skull: Caucasian—European, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent Negroid—African and Melanesian descent Mongoloid—Asian, Native American, and Polynesian descent Race is difficult to determine from most skeletal remains, especially since pure races are becoming uncommon. Melanesia and Polynesia are islands between Australia and Mexico in the Pacific Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 12 Race Characteristics Caucasoids—long, narrow nasal aperture, triangular palate, oval orbits, narrow zygomatic arches and narrow mandibles Negroids—wide nasal aperture, rectangular palate, square orbits, and more pronounced zygomatic arches. Long bones are longer, have less curvature and greater density Mongoloids—more rounded nasal aperture, oval palate, rounded orbits, wide zygomatic arches and more pointed mandibles Zygomatic arch = cheekbone Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 12 Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 12 Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 12 Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 12 What differences do you notice between these three skulls? Can you determine race? Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid (Possible Short Answer Question) Kendall/Hunt

Odontology Look for: Unusual features Number/types of teeth Chapter 12 Odontology Can ID a body by comparing their teeth to dental records Look for: Unusual features Number/types of teeth Spacing of teeth Special dental work (bridges, false teeth, fillings, root canals) Odontology – examination of bite marks and dental ID of corpses Kendall/Hunt

Odontology and Identification Teeth are often used for body ID because: They’re the hardest substances in the body They’re unique to the individual X-rays are a good record of teeth

Facial Reconstruction Chapter 12 Facial Reconstruction Determine sex, age, and race of an individual first… Then facial features can be built upon a skull to assist in ID https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF1cVAb0J2Q (5 mins facial reconstruction) Erasers are used to make tissue depths at various points on the skull. Clay is used to build around these markers and facial features are molded. Kendall/Hunt

Steps in Facial Reconstruction Chapter 12 Steps in Facial Reconstruction With a skull: Establish age, sex, and race Plot landmarks for tissue thickness, muscle attachment, and facial features Mount the eyes and apply clay Measure nose thickness/width Cover with skin and detail the face (Possible Short Answer Question) Kendall/Hunt

More Applications Forensic experts may be called upon to give information on the life and death of humans and animals in unique circumstances, including: Mass Murder (Oklahoma bombing, plane crashes, WTC) Earlier man (mummies, Iceman) Historical Significance (Holocaust, uncertain death of famous people) Prehistoric Animals (Dinosaurs)

Animal Facial Restoration Determining what T Rex looked like using the bone formation From this: To this: