Plotting

2 Initializing Vectors colon operator x = 1:2:10 x = y = 0:0.1:0.5 y =

3 Initializing Vectors linspace(x1,x2) generates a row vector of 100 linearly equally spaced points between x1 and x2 linspace(x1,x2,N) generates N points between x1 and x2 x = linspace(10,20,5) x = logspace(x1,x2) can be used for logarithmically equally spaced points

4 Vector Operations Scalar-vector operations x = 1:5 x = y = 2 * x  scalar multiplication y = z = x + 10  scalar addition z =

5 Vector Operations Vector-vector operations (element-by-element operations) x = [ ]; y = [ ]; z = x + y z = z = x.* y z = z = x./ y z =

6 Vector Operations Vector-vector operations (element-by-element operations) z = x.^ y z = Use.*,./,.^ for element-by-element operations Vector dimensions must be the same

7 Plotting: Using Simple xy Plots x =0:1:10 ; y =x.^2-10.*x+15; plot(x,y); title( ' Plot of y = x.^ *x + 15'); xlabel( 'x' ); ylabel( 'y' ); grid on;

8 Plotting: Using Simple xy Plots x = linspace(0, 4*pi); y = sin(x); plot(x,y); title( 'sin(x) for [0,4\pi]' ); xlabel( 'x' ); ylabel( 'y' ); grid on; axis( [ 0 4*pi -1 1 ] );

9 Plotting :Printing a Plot print – f -d saves the figure with the given handle in the format specified by the device -depsEncapsulated PostScript -depscEncapsulated Color PostScript -deps2Encapsulated Level 2 PostScript -depsc2Encapsulated Level 2 Color PostScript -djpeg JPEG image with quality level of nn -dtiffTIFF image -dpngPortable Network Graphics image e.g. print -f1 -dtiff myplot.tif

10 Plotting: Multiple Graphs x=0:pi/100:2*pi; y1=sin(2*x); y2=2*cos(2*x); plot(x,y1,x,y2);

11 Plotting: Multiple Graphs x = linspace(0, 4*pi); y1 = sin(x); y2 = sin(x).^ 2; y3 = y1 + y2; plot(x,y1,'b-'); hold on; plot(x,y2,'r--'); plot(x,y3,'g:'); hold off;

12 Plotting: Line Color, Line Style, Marker Style, and Legends e.g. x=0:1:10; y=x.^2-10.*x+15; plot(x,y,'r--',x,y,'bo'); e.g. x=0:pi/100:2*pi; y1=sin(2*x); y2=2*cos(2*x); plot(x,y1,'k-',x,y2,'b--'); title('Plot of f(x) = sin(2x) and its derivative'); xlabel('x'); ylabel('y'); legend('f(x)','d/dx f(x)'); grid on;

13 line colorline markerline style bgrcmykbgrcmyk blue green red cyan magenta yellow black.ox+*sdv^<>ph.ox+*sdv^<>ph point circle x-mark plus star square diamond triangle (down) triangle (up) triangle (left) triangle (right) pentagram hexagram - : solid dotted dashdot dashed Plotting: Line Color, Line Style, Marker Style, and Legends

14 Plotting: Line Color, Line Style, Marker Style, and Legends x = linspace(0, 4*pi); y1 = sin(x); y2 = sin(x).^ 2; y3 = y1 + y2; plot(x,y1,x,y2,x,y3); legend( 'sin(x)', 'sin(x)^2', 'sin(x) + sin(x)^2' );

15 Plotting: Logarithmic Plots plot both x and y data on linear axes semilogx x : logarithmic axes y: linear axes semilogy y: logarithmic axes x: linear axes loglog x : logarithmic axes y: logarithmic axes e.g x=linspace(0,10); y=x.^2-10*x+25; plot(x,y);

16 Additional Plotting Feature: Controlling axis Plotting Limits Table 3.5 e.g.(eg3_5_1.m) x=-2*pi:pi/20:2*pi; y=sin(x); plot(x,y); title('plot of sin(x) vs x'); grid on; axis([0 pi 0 1]);

17 Additional Plotting Feature: Plotting Multiple Plots on the Same Axes hold on; hold off e.g.(eg3_5_2.m) x=-pi:pi/20:pi; y1=sin(x); y2=cos(x); plot(x,y1,'b-'); hold on; plot(x,y2,'k--'); hold off; legend('sin x','cos x');

18 Additional Plotting Feature: Creating Multiple Figures figure(n) e.g.(eg3_5_3.m) figure(1) x=0:0.05:2; y1=exp(x); plot(x,y1); figure(2); y2=exp(-x); plot(x,y2);

19 Additional Plotting Feature: Subplots subplot(m,n,p) e.g.(eg3_5_4.m) figure(1); subplot(2,1,1) x=-pi:pi/20:pi; y=sin(x); plot(x,y); title('subplot 1 title'); subplot(2,1,2) x=-pi:pi/20:pi; y=cos(x); plot(x,y); title('subplot 2 title');

20 Additional Plotting Feature: Subplots x = -2:0.1:4; y = 3.5.^ (-0.5*x).* cos(6*x); figure(1); subplot(2,1,1); plot(x,y,'r-o'); subplot(2,1,2); plot(x,y,'k--*');

21 Additional Plotting Feature: Enhanced Control of Plotted Lines Plot(x,y,’PropertyName’,value,…) LineWidth MarkerEdgeColor MarkerFaceColor MarkerSize e.g.(eg3_5_5.m) x=0:pi/15:4*pi; y=exp(2*sin(x)); plot(x,y,'-ko', 'LineWidth', 3.0, 'MarkerSize', 6, 'MarkerEdgeColor','r','MarkerFaceColor','g')

22 Additional Plotting Feature: Enhanced Control of Text Strings Text Strings titles, axis labels,etc Stream modifiers \bf - Boldface \it - Italics \rm - Restore normal font \fontname{fontname} – Specify the font name to use \fontsize{fontsize} – Specify font size _{xxx} – Subscripts ^{xxx} - Superscripts Table 3.6: Greek and Mathematical symbols e.g. String \tau_{ind} versus \omega_{itm} \theta varies from 0\circle to 90\circ \bf{B}_{\itS}

23 Additional Plotting Feature: Polar Plots polar(theta,r) e.g. script file: microphone.m % Calculate gain versus angle g = 0.5; theta = 0:pi/20:2*pi; gain = 2*g*(1+cos(theta)); % Plot gain polar (theta,gain,'r-'); title ('\bfGain versus angle \theta');

24 Plotting: Example 3.6 plot_fileter.m r = 16000; c = 1.0e-6; f = 1:2:1000; res = 1./ ( 1 + j*2*pi*f*r*c ); amp = abs(res); phase = angle(res); subplot(2,1,1); loglog(f,amp); title( 'Amplitude response' ); xlabel( 'Frequency (Hz)' ); ylabel( 'Output/Input ratio' ); grid on; subplot(2,1,2); semilogx(f,phase); title( 'Phase response' ); xlabel( 'Frequency (Hz)' ); ylabel( 'Output-Input phase (rad)' ); grid on;

25 Additional Plotting Feature: Annotating and Saving Plots Annotating Editing tool Text tool Arrow tool Line tool Saving

26 Plotting Summary plot(x,y) linear plot of vector y vs. vector x title('text'), xlabel('text'), ylabel('text') labels the figure, x-axis and y-axis grid on/off adds/removes grid lines legend( 'string1', 'string2', 'string3',... ) adds a legend using the specified strings hold on/off allows/disallows adding subsequent graphs to the current graph

27 Plotting Summary axis( [ xmin xmax ymin ymax ] ) sets axes ’ limits v = axis returns a row vector containing the scaling for the current plot axis equal sets the same scale for both axes axis square makes the current axis square in size

28 Plotting Summary semilogy(x,y), semilogx(x,y), loglog(x,y) logarithmic plots of vector y vs. vector x figure(k) makes k the current figure subplot(m,n,p) breaks the figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small axes and selects the p th axes for the current plot clf clears current figure

29 Additional Two-Dimensional Plots Additional Types of 2D Plots: more than 20 types Example: line Stem Stair Bar Pie compass

30 Additional Two-Dimensional Plots: examples Line plot x = -2:0.01:4; y = 3.5.^(-0.5*x).*cos(6*x); plot(x,y); line([0 0],[-3 3],'color','r'); Pie plot grades = [ ]; pie(grades);

31 Additional Two-Dimensional Plots: examples Stairs plot y = 1988:1994; s = [ ]; stairs(y,s); Stem plot y = 1988:1994; s = [ ]; stem(y,s);

32 Additional Two-Dimensional Plots: examples Vertical bar plot y = 1988:1994; s = [ ]; bar(y,s,'r'); Horizontal bar plot y = 1988:1994; s = [ ]; barh(y,s,'g');

33 Additional Two-Dimensional Plots: examples Polar plot t = linspace(0,2*pi,200); r = 3 * cos(0.5*t).^2 + t; polar(t,r); Compass plot u = [ ]; v = [ ]; compass(u,v);

34 Additional Two-Dimensional Plots: examples Histogram x = randn(1,100); hist(x,10); hist(x,20);

35 Additional Two-Dimensional Plots: examples Error bar plot x = 1:10; y = sin(x); e = std(y) * ones(size(x)); errorbar(x,y,e);

36 Additional Two-Dimensional Plots: Plotting Functions Easy to plot: plot a function directly, without the necessity of creating intermediate data arrays. ezplot(fun); ezplot(fun, [xmin xmax]); ezplot(fun, [xmin xmax], figure); Example: ezplot('sin(x)/x',[-4*pi 4*pi]); title('Plot of sinx/x'); grid on; fplot

37 Three-Dimensional Plots: Line Plots plot3 Example: Test_plot.m t = 0:0.1:10; x = exp(-0.2*t).* cos(2*t); y = exp(-0.2*t).* sin(2*t); plot(x,y,'LineWidth',2); title('\bfTwo-Dimensional Line Plot'); xlabel('\bfx'); ylabel('\bfy'); axis square; grid on; Test_plot3.m t = 0:0.1:10; x = exp(-0.2*t).* cos(2*t); y = exp(-0.2*t).* sin(2*t); plot3(x,y,t,'LineWidth',2); title('\bfThree-Dimensional Line Plot'); xlabel('\bfx'); ylabel('\bfy'); zlabel('\bftime'); grid on;

38 Three-Dimensional Plots: Surface, Mesh, Contour Must create three equal-sized arrays Data prepared [x,y]=meshgrid(xstart:xinc:xend, ystart:yinc:yend); [x,y]=meshgrid(-4:0.2:4,-4:0.2:4); Z=f(x,y) z = exp(-0.5*(x.^2+0.5*(x-y).^2)); mesh(x,y,z), surf(x,y,z), contour(x,y,z) e.g. test_contour2.m