NUECES COUNTY DELINQUENCY RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS KRISTINA M. ZAMBRANO, M.P.A. PHILIP W. RHOADES, Ph.D. November 9, 2004

Community Risk Factors for Juvenile Delinquency Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Rebelliousness Transitions and Mobility Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior Availability of Firearms Low Neighborhood Attachment Favorable Attitudes toward the Problem Behavior Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior Availability of Drugs Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Problem Behaviors Family History of High Risk Behavior Media Portrayals of Violence Family Management Problems Family Conflict Extreme Economic Deprivation Parental Attitudes and Involvement in the Problem Behavior Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

INTEGRATED CLUSTER OF CAUSES Family Conflict Extreme Economic Deprivation Early Onset Of Problem Behaviors Favorable Parental Attitudes Academic Failure

PRIORITY RISK FACTORS 1. Family Management Problems and Family Conflict 2. Extreme Economic Deprivation 3. Favorable Parental Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior 4. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

Adult Abuse Confirmed Victims Rate Per 1,000 Adults Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

Child Abuse Confirmed Victims Rate Per 1,000 Children Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

Child Abuse Victims Served at Driscoll Children’s Hospital & Nueces County Children’s Advocacy Center Number of Victims Served Nueces County Children’s Advocacy Center Driscoll Children’s Hospital

Children Served by Coastal Bend CASA Number of Children Served Coastal Bend Court Appointed Special Advocates

Parental Behavior When Angry (Year 2000) Percent

Most Common Types of Abuse by Number of Children in Nueces County FY2002 Number of Children Abused Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

Abuse by Age in Nueces County FY2002 Number of Children Abused Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

Abuse by Ethnicity in Nueces County FY2002 Number of Children Abused Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

Perpetrators of Child Abuse in Nueces County FY2002 Number of Perpetrators Texas Dept. of Family & Protective Services

RECENT USE OF DRUGS BY PUNCHED BY FEMALE GUARDIAN Percent of Recent Drug Use

RECENT USE OF DRUGS BY SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION BY PERSON KNOWN WELL Percent of Recent Drug Use

Students that Reported Attending School “High” or “Stoned” as Related to Physical Punishment (Year 2000) # of types of physical punishment experienced Percent of Students Attending School High

CARRIED GUN OR KNIFE TO SCHOOL BY PUNCHED BY FEMALE GUARDIAN Percent Carrying Weapons to School

Percent of Students Truant

Percent Reporting C-F Grades

Ethnicity and Percent of Students That Reported Sexual Abuse (Year 2000) Ethnicity

Runaway Reports Number of Reports Nueces County Juvenile Probation

Number of Children in Foster Care Number of Children Texas Dept. of Family and Protective Services

Rate of Children in Foster Care Rate Per 1,000 Children Texas Dept. of Family and Protective Services

Divorce Rate Per 1,000 population Texas Dept. of Health

Domestic Violence Reports Texas Uniform Crime Reports Rate Per 1,000 Population

Domestic Violence Reports to CCPD Corpus Christi Police Dept. Number of Reports

Domestic Violence Victims Woman’s Shelter of South Texas

Domestic Violence Victims Total Number of Victims Texas Dept. of Human Services

PRIORITY RISK FACTORS 1. Family Management Problems and Family Conflict 2. Extreme Economic Deprivation 3. Favorable Parental Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior 4. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

Nueces County Population U.S. Census Bureau Thousands

Families Living In Poverty Percentage U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey

Child Poverty Rate Per 1,000 Children Texas Kids Count

Unemployment Percent Unemployed Texas Workforce Commission

Per Capita Income $4,871 Gap Bureau of Economic Analysis Texas State Comptroller

Median Household Income U.S. Census Bureau Texas Kids Count

Children in Head Start Program Rate per 1,000 Children Texas Kids Count

Children on State Subsidized Child Care with rate of DHS payments per 1,000 children Texas Kids Count Rate per 1,000 Children

Children in Families Receiving Food Stamps Rate per 1,000 Children Texas Kids Count

Children in Families Receiving TANF Texas Kids Count Rate Per 1,000 Children

Infants and Children (1-4 yrs.) Receiving WIC Texas Kids Count Number of Infants & Children

Recipients of Food Stamps, Medicaid and TANF Texas Dept. of Human Services Number of Recipients

Percent of Students from Economically Disadvantaged Families Texas Education Agency Percent of Students

PRIORITY RISK FACTORS 1. Family Management Problems and Family Conflict 2. Extreme Economic Deprivation 3. Favorable Parental Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior 4. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

Adult Violent Crimes Arrests Number of Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

Homicides Committed with Firearm Percentage FBI Uniform Crime Reports TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

Robberies Committed With Firearm Percentage FBI Uniform Crime Reports TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

Percent of Aggravated Assaults Committed with Firearm Percentage FBI Uniform Crime Reports TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

Adult Alcohol Related Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service Number of Arrests

Adult Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations Number of Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

Adult Property Crime Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service Number of Arrests

Nueces County Middle School/Junior High students that reported of being forced to engage in unwanted sexual behavior by… Percentage

PRIORITY RISK FACTORS 1. Family Management Problems and Family Conflict 2. Extreme Economic Deprivation 3. Favorable Parental Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior 4. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

Arrests age 10 – 14 Drug Offenses Number of Arrests Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept.

Arrests age Property Crimes TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service Number of Arrests

Arrests age Violence Related Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Number of Arrests

Age at First Use of Alcohol or Drugs Nueces County Students (Year 2000) AGE

Alcohol, Marijuana, and Inhalants Use 8th Graders (Year 2000) Percent Using Alcohol & Drugs

Drug Use 8th Graders (Year 2000) Percent Using Drugs

Attended School “High” % of Nueces County Students Reporting 1 or More Days (Year 2000) TOTAL 17.8%, 138

Age of 1st Use and Percent of Students Reporting Difficulties/Trouble with Friends, Teachers & Police Due to Alcohol Use (Year 2000) Percent Reporting Difficulties

Nueces County Students (Year 2000) During the last 4 weeks, did you carry a gun to school 1 or more days. 3.6% During the last 4 weeks, did you carry a knife to school 1 or more days. 8.5% National, 6-8th = 3.7%

Longitudinal Drop-out Rate Texas Education Agency Percent of Drop-outs

ANNUAL DROP-OUT RATES Texas Education Agency Percent of Drop-outs

Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends who engage in the problem behavior  Availability of drugs  Community laws & norms favorable toward drug use & crime  Family History of high risk behavior

MATH TAAS Scores Percent Passing Texas Education Agency

READING TAAS Scores Percent Passing Texas Education Agency

READING TAKS Scores Percent Passing Texas Education Agency

MATH TAKS Scores Texas Education Agency Percent Passing

Proportion of Eligible Students Scoring at or Above Accountability Criteria on SAT or ACT. Texas Education Agency Rate of Students

Self-Reported Average Grades (Year 2000) Percent of Grades

Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends who engage in the problem behavior  Availability of drugs  Community laws & norms favorable toward Drug Use & Crime  Family History of high risk behavior

School Attendance Rate Texas Education Agency Rate Attending

Truancy Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Total Number

Failure to Attend School (Truancy) City of Corpus Christi Municipal Court Total Number

TRUANCY % of Nueces County Students Reporting 1 or More Days (Year 2000) TOTAL 22.6%, 175 Texas 7th = 13.7% Texas 8th = 18.8%

Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends who engage in the problem behavior  Availability of drugs  Community laws & norms favorable toward Drug Use & Crime  Family History of high risk behavior

Juvenile Curfew & Truancy Assessment Center Juvenile Assessment Center Total Number

Number of Juvenile Gang Members Total Number Corpus Christi Police Dept.

Reported Vandalism & Graffiti Damage Corpus Christi Police Dept. Number Reported

Nueces County Under 18 with SED (serious emotional disturbance) Texas Dept. of Mental Health and Mental Retardation Total Number With SED

PERCENTAGE of STUDENTS REPORTING GANGS AT SCHOOL (Year 2000) Percent Reporting

Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior  Availability of Drugs  Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use & Crime  Family History of High Risk Behavior

Perceived Harmfulness of Alcohol Use by 6 th and 12 th Graders. Those With a Response of Somewhat or Very Dangerous. Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Percent Perceiving Harmfulness

Juvenile Alcohol Related Arrests Number of Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

Adolescents in Treatment for Alcohol or Drug Use Number of adolescents Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Juvenile Property Arrests Number of Arrests TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

Nueces County Students Percent Indicating Issue Is a Serious Problem at Their School (Year 2000)

Percent of Total Live Births to Mothers <18 Texas Dept. of Health Percent of Live Births

CHLAMYDIA RATES AGES Texas Dept. of Health Rate per 1,000 Population

GONORRHEA RATES AGES Rate Per 1,000 Population Texas Dept. of Health

Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior  Availability of Drugs  Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use & Crime  Family History of High Risk Behavior

Percent of Nueces County Middle School/Junior High Students That Reported Getting Alcoholic Beverages Either “most of the time” or “always” (Year 2000) Percent Getting Alcoholic Beverages

Nueces County Annual Sales Tax Receipts for Mixed Beverages in Thousands Thousands Texas State Comptroller

Eight Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends who engage in the problem behavior  Availability of drugs  Community laws & norms favorable toward problem behaviors  Family History of high risk behavior

Juvenile Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations Felony and Misdemeanor Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Total Number of Arrests

Juvenile Arrests for Drug Offenses 522.2% Increase Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Total Number of Arrests

Total Rate of Behavior-Related Removals or Suspensions of all Students Rate Per 100 students School Districts

Total Rate of Behavior-Related Expulsions of all Students Per 100 students School Districts

Total Rate of Drug-Related Removals or Suspension of all Students Per 100 students School Districts

Total Rate of Drug-Related Expulsions of All Students Per 100 students School Districts

All Adults and Youth - Number of Alcohol and Drug Related Deaths Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Rate per 1,000 Population

All Adults and Youth - Substance- Related Motor Vehicle Crashes Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Total percent of All Injury Crashes

Juvenile Arrests for Violent Crime Nueces County Juvenile Probation Dept. Total Number of Arrests

Juvenile Arrests for Curfew, Vandalism, Disorderly Conduct TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service Total Number of Arrests

Youth Committed to TYC Texas Youth Commission Total Number of Youths

Nueces County Students (Year 2000) % Bullied In School Year % Reporting Theft In Past 6 Months National 7th =11%, 8th = 9%National, Age 13, 14 = 14%

Nueces Students Fear of Being Attacked at School (Year 2000) National 9% 9-12

Six Risk Factors Below Are Also Present & Contribute to Delinquency and Problem Behaviors in the Community  Early Academic Failure  Lack of Commitment to School  Rebelliousness  Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior  Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior  Availability of Drugs  Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Problem Behaviors  Family History of High Risk Behavior

Education Attainment Person 25 Years & Over 9 th to 12 th Grade, No Diploma Percent of 25 years & over 25,500 U.S. Census Bureau

9th to 12 th Grade Attrition All Nueces County Public High Schools TEA, AES Reports

9th Graders Lost by 12 th Grade TEA, AES Reports 2,099 Percent

Literacy Levels 1994 Texas Education Agency Percent

Adults in Drug or Alcoholism Treatment Units Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Total Number of Adults

Deaths Due to Liver Disease and Cirrhosis Rate per 100,000 Population Texas Dept. of Health

Other Risk Factors with Possible Impact in the Community  Transitions & Mobility  Early & Persistent Anti-Social Behavior  Media Portrayals of Violence  Availability of Firearms  Low neighborhood Attachment & Community Disorganization

Existing Home Sales Total Number of Home Sales Corpus Christi Board of Realtors

Student Mobility Percentage Texas Education Agency

Nueces County Middle School/Junior High Students. Percent of those that reported they think that the media promote violence among teens. (Year 2000)

Total Rate of Students With Specific Learning Disabilities. Per 100 students School Districts

Homicides Number of Homicides TDPS: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime Records Service

Population Voting in National Elections. Percent Voting in National Elections Texas Politics

Figure 2: Need A Comprehensive Continuum of Community Response PreventionInterventionEnforcement All Youth > Youth At Risk > Immediate Intervention > Intermediate Sanctions> Community Confinement > TYC > Parole Weighted toward PREVENTION

Family Management and Conflict Problems Extreme Economic Deprivation Academic Failure Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior Prenatal/Infancy Programs Early Childhood Education Parent Training Family Therapy Marital Therapy Youth Employment with Education Organizational Change in Schools Curricula for Social Competence Promotion School Behavior Management Strategies Mentoring with Reinforcement Community/School Policies. Risk Factor Program Promote Healthy Beliefs Promote Clear Standards Provide Challenging Opportunities Teach Needed Skills Provide Recognition of Contribution Protective Factor = FIGURE 4: PROTECTIVE FACTORS

Community Initiatives Juvenile Assessment Center Mentor Network 21st century Community Learning Centers America’s Promise--Youth Summit Early Head Start Family and Community Violence Prevention Center Success by Six Safe Communities

Current Grant Status PERPETUAL GRANTS Early Headstart Program Grant ($1,224,384 per year) OTHER MAJOR GRANTS 21 st Century Community Learning Centers$4,002,108 CIS – Community-Based Abstinence Education Program$1,842,913 Coastal Bend Early Learning Opportunities$ 689,787 Texas A & M University–Corpus Christi Family Life Centers$ 660,000 Moody High School Smaller Learning Communities$ 499,719 Success By 6® Sustaining, Implementation, Planning Grant$ 465,000 Del Mar College – Center for Early Learning$ 400,000 CIS - Services To At-Risk Youth (STAR)$ 341,417 CCISD - Texas Grants to Reduce Academic Dropouts$ 336,974 Ark Assessment Center & Emergency Shelter for Youth$ 192,340 TOTAL GRANTS AWARDED: $20,022,308

Community Team Approach Risk and Protective Factors Criminal and Juvenile Justice Health Mental Health Education Faith Community MedicalNon-Profits Social Work Business YOUTH