Ecology  Mr. Elder/ Mr. Anderson  BIOLOGY  CAHS: 2013

What is Ecology?  Study of interactions between ___________ and between organisms and their ________________. Ernst Haeckel – coined term Ecology in ____________. The word “oikos” means __________ Natures “houses”come in many sizes

Levels of Organization  Ecologists study organisms ranging from the various levels of organization:  ___________  Population  ____________  Ecosystem  ___________  Biosphere

Organism Species  Group of similar organisms that can _________ and produce fertile ____________

Population  group of organisms, all of the same ____________, which interbreed and live in the same area. Population

Community Community Community  an assemblage of different ______________ that live together in an ecosystem.

Community Community Ecosystem  The combination of all the living (_________) and non-living (___________) factors that interact in a specific living area.

Ecosystem Biome  Group of _______________ with the same climate and dominant communities Tropical rain forest Tropical dry forest Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Desert Temperate grassland Boreal forest (Taiga) Northwestern coniferous forest Temperate forest Mountains and ice caps Tundra

Ecosystem Biosphere  The part of the earth where ________ exists including land, water, air, and atmosphere

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs  Autotrophs – make their own ________so they are called ______________  Heterotrophs – get their ______ from another source so they are called ______________

Two Main forms of Energy for Autotrophs  Sunlight  The main source of energy for life on earth  _________________  Chemical  Some organisms such as __________, rely on the energy stored in inorganic compounds  _________________

Types of Consumers Herbivores- only eat _______Carnivores - only eat ______ Omnivores Eat plants and meat Detritivores and Decomposers Feeds on plant and animal ________________

How does Energy flow through an Ecosystem?  Energy flows through an ecosystem in ___ direction,  sun or chemicals  Autotrophs  heterotrophs

Energy Flow in Ecosystems:

Feeding Relationships  Food _________ – steps of organisms transferring energy by eating & being eaten  Food ______– network of all the food chains in an ecosystem

Food ________

Ecological Pyramids Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers  ____________ Level – each step in a food chain or food web

Pyramid of Numbers - relative number of ______________________ at each trophic level

Pyramid of Biomass - amount of potential __________ available for each trophic level

Pyramid of Energy - amount of energy available at each trophic level  Most of the energy is used by the organisms for life __________  Some of the energy is lost as _______  Only ___% of the energy from each trophic level is passed on to the next _____________

How does __________ move through an ecosystem?  Unlike the one way flow of energy, matter is ____________ within & between ecosystems  ______________ are passed between organisms & the environment through biogeochemical cycles  Biogeochemical Cycles:  Bio –life  Geo – Earth  Chemo – chemical 1.WATER CYCLE 2.NUTRIENT CYCLES: a)__________ CYCLE b)_____________ CYCLE c)_____________ CYCLE

Why are nutrients important ? ______% of your body is made of… 1)OXYGEN 2)CARBON 3)HYDROGEN 4)NITROGEN  Every living organism needs nutrients to build __________ and carry out essential life ____________.

Availibility of nutrients  If a nutrient is in short supply, it will ________ an organisms growth. It is called a limiting nutrient.  When a limiting nutrient is dumped into a lake or pond, an __________ ________ occurs and can disrupt the ecosystem

THE WATER CYCLE

CARBON CYCLE (see fig.3-13) 4 PROCESSES MOVE CARBON THROUGH ITS CYCLE: 1)Biological 2)Geochemical 3)Mixed biochemical 4)Human Activity CO 2

NITROGEN CYCLE (see fig.3- 14) Nitrogen-containing nutrients in the biosphere include: 1)__________________ (NH 3 ) 2)__________________ (NO 3 - ) 3)________________ (NO 2 - ) ORGANISMS NEED NITROGEN TO MAKE ____________ ACIDS FOR BUILDING ____________!!! N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 N0 3- & N0 2 -

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE (see fig.3-15) PHOSPHORUS FORMS PART OF IMPORTANT LIFE- __________________ MOLECULES (ex. DNA & RNA)