c Outline the ways in which the world cities in Figure 6 are connected into a global network of cities. (4 marks)

c World cities are connected by financial markets, such as the stock exchanges in London, New York and Tokyo, whose opening times overlap. Transnational company headquarters are often located in world cities, with key regional offices located in other world cities. Key workers move between the cities frequently. The cities all have major airport hubs, and are connected directly to many other world cities by non- stop flights. Internet and satellite connections ensure cheap, rapid communication between cities. You will gain 1 mark for a basic point, and 2 marks for an extended point or example. This type of question cries out for the use of examples, so try to name cities, stock exchanges, airlines and transnational companies to add weight to your answer.

Switched off Places: Why is Africa in Crisis? To understand how some countries become ‘switched off’: Africa – Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya

Boom and bust? In the last 2 years in particular, developing world nations have tended to grow strongly

Sort the reasons why some regions remain switched off into: mismanagement of natural resources (physical), mismanagement of human resources or both Highly vulnerable to climate change and natural hazards e.g. Mozambique Lack of skills and literacy deters inward investors e.g. Somalia Poor resources for agriculture e.g. Eritrea Infighting over resources e.g. Sudan Resources are controlled by foreign TNC’s due to old trade agreements that need renegotiating e.g. Sierra Leone Low prices for food exports due to over production and trade rules e.g. Ethiopia Ethnic clashes and civil war between tribes e.g. D.R. Congo Physical isolation and lack of coastline deters inward investors seeking an export/import base e.g. Niger Resources controlled by a small elite e.g. Zimbabwe Politically isolated e.g. North Korea

Sort the reasons why some regions remain switched off into: mismanagement of natural resources (physical), mismanagement of human resources or both Highly vulnerable to climate change and natural hazards e.g. Mozambique Lack of skills and literacy deters inward investors e.g. Somalia Poor resources for agriculture e.g. Eritrea Infighting over resources e.g. Sudan Resources are controlled by foreign TNC’s due to old trade agreements that need renegotiating e.g. Sierra Leone Low prices for food exports due to over production and trade rules e.g. Ethiopia Ethnic clashes and civil war between tribes e.g. D.R. Congo Physical isolation and lack of coastline deters inward investors seeking an export/import base e.g. Niger Resources controlled by a small elite e.g. Zimbabwe Politically isolated e.g. North Korea

Africa: a marginalised continent? Lack of resources: Zambia Too little food: Kenya Poor quality farming: Tanzania

Plenary What are the main obstacles preventing some LDCs from becoming more fully integrated into global networks?

Homework Research countries of varying levels of debt. What do you notice about the development indicators? Why might this be?