Cell Cycle Regulation What factors control a cell’s advancement through the cell cycle? Why is regulation of the cycle important?

40%

Approximately 39.6 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetime. (based on data) (cancer.gov)

The Hallmarks of Cancer

Type of Cancer Classification can be based on: 1 – type of tissue in which the cancer originates 2 – location in the body where the cancer first developed

Histological Types There are five main cancer classifications based on the tissue type where the cancer originated.

Histological Types Carcinoma Originates in epithelial tissue. 90% of cancers are carcinomas.

Histological Types Sarcoma Originates in connective tissue.

Histological Types Myeloma Begins in the cells of the immune system. Myelomas are cancer of the bone marrow, particularly of the cells that produces antibodies (plasma cells).

Histological Types

Leukemia Originates in bone marrow (overproduction of immature WBCs which don’t perform as well).

Histological Types

Lymphoma Originates in lymphatic glands.

Histological Types

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

(long - spindle checkpoint focus)

Growth Factors

Example of a Growth Factor: Erythropoietin

Contact Inhibition

Cyclins and Kinases

Make observations.

Internal proteins that regulate the cycle. Cyclins turn CDKs “ON.” Cyclins and Kinases

Signal Transducers and Transcription Factors

Src protein = signal transducer

Ras protein = signal transducer

Results in the production of the myc protein from the myc gene. Myc protein = transcription factor

it transcribes the gene for cyclin

Rb and E2F

E2F protein = transcription factor transcribes genes that make cyclins and other proteins that replicate DNA.

Myc and E2F

p53

P53 and P21

BRCA

P53 and BAX

Proto-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors

Types of Proto-oncoproteins