Proposal Abstract/Specific Aims (1 page) Background (4-6 pages) Research Plan (8-10 pages) References
Proteins Protein Structures and Shapes Protein Functions
Protein Structures and Shapes Amino acids Peptide bonds helix and sheet Domains and Modules Classification of Families Protein Assembly
Protein Functions Protein Binding Protein conformation Antibody Enzyme and substrate Catalytic Reaction Kinase and phosphatase GTPase, GEF, GAP Motor protein Membrane-bound protein
Protein binding
Antibody
Enzymes lower the activation energy to accelerate chemical reactions
Lysozyme actions Bending of the polysaccharide bond
Steps of lysozyme actions
Strategies of enzyme catalysis
Feedback inhibitions
Coupled regulation: Positive Regulations
Coupled regulation: negative Regulations
Coupled regulation on multiple subunits
Aspartate transcarbamoylase
Kinase and phosphatase
Kinase Domain
Kinase families
Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CdK): Signal integrator threonine tyrosine
Src Kinase
Multiple Inputs for Src Kinase activation
GTPases
Ras Structure: One kind of GTPases
Phosphorylation and GTP binding regulations
EF-Tu and its regulation of tRNA
Motor Protein Regulation Myosin on Actin and Kenesin on Microtubules
Membrane Protein Calcium Pump on Sarcoplasmic reticulum
DNA and Chromosomes
Chromosome in Cells DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) AGTC Human 46 chromosomes 22 homologs, x, or x/y
Experimental procedures demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material
DNA and its Building
DNA Pairs A-T, G-C
DNA Double Helix 10.4 nucleutides/turn; 3.4 nm between nucleutides
DNA to Protein genome
DNA Duplication Using itself as template
Cell Nucleus
Human Chromosome Complementary DNA with different Dyes The arrangement of the full chromosome set is called karyotype
Banding Pattern of human chromosomes Giemsa Staining Encoding ribosome
The organization of genes of a human chromosome
Conservation between human and mouse genomes human mouse centromere
Cell Cycle Chromosomes exist through the cycle
Chromosomes at interphase and M phase
Three DNA sequences
Nucleosomes under electron microscope Nucleosome: basic level of chromosome/chromatin organization Chromatin: protein-DNA complex Histone: DNA binding protein
Nucleosome Structures Histone octamer 2 H2A 2 H2B 2 H3 2 H4
X-ray diffraction analyses of crystals
Structural Organization of the Core Histones
The Assembly of the Core Histones
The bending of DNA in a nucleosome A-T riched minor groove inside and G-C riched groove outside
Zigzag model of the 30-nm chromatin fiber
Irregularities in the 30-nm fiber Flexible linker, DNA binding proteins
The function of Histone H1
The function of Histone tails
Chromatin Remodeling
Cyclic Diagram for nucleosome formation and disruption
Covalent Modification of core histone tails Histone acetyl transferase (HAT) Histone deacetylase (HDAC)