Proposal Abstract/Specific Aims (1 page) Background (4-6 pages) Research Plan (8-10 pages) References

Proteins Protein Structures and Shapes Protein Functions

Protein Structures and Shapes Amino acids Peptide bonds  helix and  sheet Domains and Modules Classification of Families Protein Assembly

Protein Functions Protein Binding  Protein conformation  Antibody  Enzyme and substrate Catalytic Reaction Kinase and phosphatase GTPase, GEF, GAP Motor protein Membrane-bound protein

Protein binding

Antibody

Enzymes lower the activation energy to accelerate chemical reactions

Lysozyme actions Bending of the polysaccharide bond

Steps of lysozyme actions

Strategies of enzyme catalysis

Feedback inhibitions

Coupled regulation: Positive Regulations

Coupled regulation: negative Regulations

Coupled regulation on multiple subunits

Aspartate transcarbamoylase

Kinase and phosphatase

Kinase Domain

Kinase families

Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CdK): Signal integrator threonine tyrosine

Src Kinase

Multiple Inputs for Src Kinase activation

GTPases

Ras Structure: One kind of GTPases

Phosphorylation and GTP binding regulations

EF-Tu and its regulation of tRNA

Motor Protein Regulation Myosin on Actin and Kenesin on Microtubules

Membrane Protein Calcium Pump on Sarcoplasmic reticulum

DNA and Chromosomes

Chromosome in Cells DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) AGTC Human 46 chromosomes 22 homologs, x, or x/y

Experimental procedures demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material

DNA and its Building

DNA Pairs A-T, G-C

DNA Double Helix 10.4 nucleutides/turn; 3.4 nm between nucleutides

DNA to Protein genome

DNA Duplication Using itself as template

Cell Nucleus

Human Chromosome Complementary DNA with different Dyes The arrangement of the full chromosome set is called karyotype

Banding Pattern of human chromosomes Giemsa Staining Encoding ribosome

The organization of genes of a human chromosome

Conservation between human and mouse genomes human mouse centromere

Cell Cycle Chromosomes exist through the cycle

Chromosomes at interphase and M phase

Three DNA sequences

Nucleosomes under electron microscope Nucleosome: basic level of chromosome/chromatin organization Chromatin: protein-DNA complex Histone: DNA binding protein

Nucleosome Structures Histone octamer 2 H2A 2 H2B 2 H3 2 H4

X-ray diffraction analyses of crystals

Structural Organization of the Core Histones

The Assembly of the Core Histones

The bending of DNA in a nucleosome A-T riched minor groove inside and G-C riched groove outside

Zigzag model of the 30-nm chromatin fiber

Irregularities in the 30-nm fiber Flexible linker, DNA binding proteins

The function of Histone H1

The function of Histone tails

Chromatin Remodeling

Cyclic Diagram for nucleosome formation and disruption

Covalent Modification of core histone tails Histone acetyl transferase (HAT) Histone deacetylase (HDAC)