Chapter Vocab Cell Basic unit of life Cell theory Fundamental concept of biology stating cells are the basic unit of life, and compose all living things. They come from other cells. Nucleus Membrane enclosed structure containing genetic material (DNA) Eukaryote Complex cells containing a nucleus Prokaryote Simple cells that do not contain a nucleus

Chapter Vocab Organelle Little organ-like structures that allow specialization for cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid containing the organelles Nuclear Membrane a.k.a. nuclear envelope- two (2) membranes surrounding the nucleus allows materials to pass into and out of nucleus Chromatin DNA coiled around proteins; found within the nucleus Chromosome Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing genetic information

Chapter Vocab Nucleolus Region within the nucleus where ribosomes are created Ribosome Proteins are assembled here; made up of RNA and protein Endoplasmic Reticulum Transports proteins, creates fatty parts of cellular membrane; rough ER and smooth ER Vacuole Storage area for water, salts, proteins & carbohydrates. In plants-lg.vacuole filled with water = pressure for structure Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell; where chemical energy stored in food is converted into energy the cell can use

Chapter Vocab Chloroplast Site where photosynthesis in plants occur; contain chlorophyll Centriole Located near the nuclei in animal cells, these help to organize cell division Cell Membrane Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; provides protection and support Cell wall Cellulose wall in plant cells providing support and protection to the cell Lipid Bilayer The two fatty layers of the cell membrane allowing the cell to have a flexible barrier against the environment

A. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells

B. Exceptions to the cell theory 1. Where did the first cell come from? (The chicken and the egg syndrome) 2. The mitochondria and the chloroplast inside the cell have their own DNA and can duplicate themselves. 3. Viruses are an exception because they are not a cell but they are DNA surrounded by a protein coat. They can only reproduce inside a living cell, but are not cells themselves.

Possible Origins for Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

This can divide cells into two different classification group. Prokaryotes

C. Cell organelles have specialized parts and functions 1. Prokaryotic Cells Do not have a membrane bound nucleus Bacteria and Archaea (originally thought to be found only in extreme environments)

C. Cell organelles have specialized parts and functions Eukaryotic Cells

C. Cell organelles have specialized parts and functions Contain a nucleus where genetic material is located Many organisms are eukaryotic 2. Eukaryotic Cell

II. Eukaryotic Cell Structure A.Cells are specialized- Specialization occur through organelles. Organelles= Little organs B.Cell organelles and their functions In cells various specialized life functions occur in specific places called organelles. Remember RRREGNTS!!!!

Life FunctionKey WordsOrganelle(s) RespirationEnergy, ATPMitochondria RegulationNucleus Cell Membrane ReproductionNucleus ExcretionCell membrane GrowthNucleus Nutrition (animal cells) (plant cells) Cell Membrane  Food Vacuole Lysosome Chloroplasts Transport Cell membrane Cytoplasm ER Synthesis Nucleus Ribosome ER Golgi Coordination Control Asexual Cell division Wastes CO 2, Ammonia, H 2 O Increased size Obtain and process Absorption Circulation Diffusion Osmosis Simple to complex Building Assemble

C. Plant cells and animal cells are both eukaryotes, however they share similarities and differences Organelles for both plant cells and animal cells:

1.Nucleus Controls most cell processes Contains hereditary information of DNA Contains coded instructions for making proteins and important molecules 1.a. Nuclear Membrane Allows material to move in and out of nucleus 1.b. Nucleolus Assembly of ribosomes begins here! 1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane

2. Cytoplasm Jelly like fluid surrounding each organelle 1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum Center for protein synthesis and transport Fatty lipids for cell membrane made here 3.a. Rough ER Ribosomes are present on surface 3.b. Smooth ER No ribosomes; fatty membrane lipids and fats for detoxification of drugs made here 1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3.a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 3.b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

4. Ribosomes Proteins synthesized here Made up of RNA and proteins 1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3.a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 3.b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 4. Ribosome

5. Lysosomes Lys= break or cut Digest (break down) lipids, carbs & proteins w/ enzymes Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness in the cell 1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3.a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 3.b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 4. Ribosome 5. Lysosome

6. Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Body) Once proteins are made in the ER, they are moved to the Golgi body Here, proteins are packaged and secreted for transport out of the cell *** Look like a stack of pancakes- make sure you know the difference between these and the ER!**** 1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3.a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 3.b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 4. Ribosome 5. Lysosome 6. Golgi Body

7.Vacuole *Food vacuole- Sac-like storage center for H 2 0, salt, protein and carbs *Contractile vacuole- Single celled organisms use vacuoles to pump water out of the cell

1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3.a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 3.b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 4. Ribosome 5. Lysosome 6. Golgi Body 7. Vacuole

8. Mitochondria ( 2 membranes) Powerhouse of the cell Site of cellular respiration: turning chemical energy in food into ATP Mitochondria are inherited from MOM ( from the egg) 1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3.a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 3.b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 4. Ribosome 5. Lysosome 6. Golgi Body 7. Vacuole 8. Mitochondria

9. Cytoskeleton Protein filaments used for support and movement

10. Cell membrane or plasma membrane Regulates materials entering and leaving the cell Lipid bilayer structure provides protection and support 1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3.a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 3.b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 4. Ribosome 5. Lysosome 6. Golgi Body 7. Vacuole 8. Mitochondria 10. Cell membrane

The Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell according to the Fluid-Mosaic Model, the plasma membrane is a two-layered structure composed of lipids and proteins. This model looks similar to “Jell-O with fruit in it” or sometimes referred to as “protein icebergs in a fatty sea”. Structure of the plasma membrane (side view showing proteins, lipids, and receptor molecules.) Because the plasma membrane can control what enters and leaves the cell, it is called selectively permeable.

D. Organelles found only in ANIMAL Cells 1.Centrioles An area near the nucleus that organizes cell division Made up of tubular protein structures called Microtubules

1. b. Nucleolus 1. Nucleus 1. a. Nuclear Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3.a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 3.b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 4. Ribosome 5. Lysosome 6. Golgi Body 7. Vacuole 8. Mitochondria 10. Cell membrane 11. Centriole

E. Organelles found only in Plant Cells 1.Cell Wall Provides support and protection for cell Made up cellulose, a tough carbohydrate fiber Has small holes (pores) to let H 2 0, O 2 and CO 2 pass through cell

***BIG difference between plants and animals- Plants can make its own food by the process of photosynthesis a form of Autotrophic Nutrition. This means plant cells need the following organelle: 2.Chloroplasts Capture energy from the sun and convert it to food through photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll, which makes the plant green Chemical Equation for photosynthesis is: H 2 O Water + CO 2 Carbon Dioxide  O 2 Oxygen C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose +

Golgi Complex Nuclear Membrane Nucleus Large Vacuole RibosomeCytoplasm Mitochondria Rough ER Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Nucleolus Plant Cells

F.Differences between Plant and Animal cells Plant Cells have chloroplasts to make their own food through photosynthesis (animal cells do not) Plant Cells have cell walls in addition to cell membranes for extra protection and support (animal cells do not) Animal Cells have centrioles to organize cell division (Plant cells do not)

II. How living things are ORGANIZED Neurons Leaf Cell in a plant Nerve tissueLeaf Tissue

Leaf Nervous SystemLeaf and stem, roots Brain Human or Plant

Let’s think of examples of population, community, ecosystem and biosphere