The Digestive System By: Maria Campo Period 4/Row 1

What is the Digestive System, and what’s its purpose? What it is: The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and nutrients to feed your entire body. Purpose: The purpose of the digestive system is so that food can be broken down, and through that, our bodies can absorb it for nourishment and energy.

Main Parts of the Digestive System There are about 9 main parts involved in the digestive system. There is the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, Small and large intestines, Liver, rectum and anus.

Mouth and Esophagus Mouth and Esophagus: the mouth is where food and liquids are taken in, while the esophagus is a tube that food and liquids travel down after they have been swallowed.

Stomach and Pancreas Stomach and Pancreas: The stomach stores food and begins the digestion of proteins, while the pancreas regulates the body’s blood sugar levels and to produce pancreatic juice, which aids in the digestion of food.

Gall Bladder and Liver Gall Bladder and Liver: The liver produces bile that is collected in the gall bladder. When signaled, the gall bladder releases the bile into the small intestine to help in the digestion of fats. The liver also filters digestive tract blood.

Small and Large Intestines Small and Large Intestines: The small intestine includes the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. The large intestine includes the cecum, colon, and rectum and it is responsible for absorbing salt and water from waste.

Rectum and Anus Rectum and Anus: The rectum is where digestive waste, or stool, gathers until full. It is connected to the anus, which is the final part of the digestive system. The anus is like an exit from which the stool is released.

How is Homeostasis Involved? Homeostasis the body's ability to maintain a regulated internal environment. the pancreas regulates the body’s blood sugar levels, maintaining the bodies homeostasis. Bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas neutralizes the acid secreted by the stomach. This brings the intestinal contents to the optimal pH, regulating homeostasis Eating more calories than your body burns causes the body to either excrete the energy or store it in fat cells for the future.

The Endocrine System in Homeostasis The endocrine system plays an important part in homeostasis. Using chemicals, our endocrine system regulates our metabolic rate, growth rate, and how our body develops. The endocrine system is made of 9 glands located throughout our body. Together, these glands make hormones and release them into the blood stream that surrounds the glands.

Endocrine System

Five Major Hormones These are the 5 major hormones that function in the Digestive System : gastrin (stomach), secretin (small intestine), cholecytokinin (small intestine), gastric inhibitory peptide (small intestine), and motilin (small intestine).

Digestive Enzymes in the Digestive System Digestive enzymes, produced in the pancreas and small intestine, break down our food into nutrients so that our bodies can absorb them. If we don’t have these, we can’t break down our food, which means we aren’t absorbing all the nutrition.

Examples of Digestive Enzymes Alpha: galactosidase carbohydrates in legumes Amylase: Starches Cellulase: Cellulose (fiber) in fruits, vegetables, grains, and seeds GlucoamylaseMaltose: the sugar in grains Invertase: found in Sucrose (sugar)

Example of disorder that occurs in this System: Celiac disease: is a gastrointestinal condition. It's a poor immune response to foods that contain gluten, a protein found in grains Symptoms include: Gas and bloating Anemia or iron deficiency Skin rashes Delayed growth in children Headaches or migraines Diarrhea or constipation

Celiac Disease(cont.) In people with celiac disease, exposure to gluten damages the lining of the small intestine, messing with the absorption of nutrients from food and causes abdominal pain. patients have inflammation of the small intestine, which causes difficulty with absorbing nutrients from the diet.

Celiac Disease Prevalence and Treatment Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases. The prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5%-1% in different parts of the world. The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet.

Celiac Disease

Digestion in a simpler Organism vs. Humans Platyhelminthes (flatworms) is an example using intracellular digestion, where ingested material enters the mouth and passes through a tubular cavity. The food particles are taken in by the cells lining the gastro vascular cavity, and the molecules are broken down within the cytoplasm of the cells.

How and where are carbs, proteins, and lipid digested and the enzymes involved? Protein digestion occurs in the stomach through the action of three main enzymes: pepsin, secreted by the stomach, and trypsin and chymotrypsin, secreted by the pancreas. During carbohydrate digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase. In the mouth, lipids are broken down into diglycerides by lingual lipase. Lipase is released from the pancreas, and bile from the liver, enabling the breakdown of fats into fatty acids.

Works Cited: Boundless. "Hormones of the Digestive System - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. N.p., 26 May Web. 30 May Boundless. "Invertebrate Digestive Systems - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. N.p., 21 Mar Web. 30 May Gerstmar, Tim, Dr. "Everything You Need to Know about Digestive Enzymes." Whole9 Let Us Change Your Life. N.p., 17 Sept Web. 30 May Gujral, Naiyana, Hugh J. Freeman, and Alan BR Thomson. "Celiac Disease: Prevalence, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Treatment." World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited, 30 Nov Web. 30 May

Works Cited (cont.) Healthstatus. "How Your Caloric Intake Affects Your Health- Factors Affecting Health." HealthStatus. N.p., 31 Jan Web. 30 May Hightower, Nicholas Carr. "Human Digestive System - Islet Cells." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Jan Web. 30 May Loftus, Connor G., and Joseph A. Murray. "Celiac Disease." Gastroenterology Consultants Orlando Florida. N.p., June Web. 30 May Richards, Lisa. "Digestive System 101." The Candida Diet. N.p., 12 Apr Web. 30 May

Works Cited Schmidler, Cindy. "Endocrine System Glands and Hormones." HealthPagesorg Anatomy Surgery Pregnancy Nutrition Fitness. N.p., 12 Feb Web. 30 May Taylor, Tim. “Respiratory System.” InnerBody.com. HowToMedia, Inc., Oct Web. 24 May Tweed, Vera. "Top 10 Digestive Enzymes - Better Nutrition." Better Nutrition. N.p., 01 May Web. 30 May