Adaptations Adaptations

Types of Adaptation Anything that helps an organism survive in its environment Anything that helps an organism survive in its environment Adaptations are inherited from their parents Adaptations are inherited from their parents It also refers to the ability of living things to adjust to different conditions within their environments. It also refers to the ability of living things to adjust to different conditions within their environments. Structural adaptation Structural adaptation Behavioral adaptations Behavioral adaptations Physiological adaptations Physiological adaptations

Structural adaptations A structural adaptation involves some part of an organism's body. A structural adaptation involves some part of an organism's body. Teeth Teeth Body coverings Body coverings Shells Shells Quills Quills Scales Scales Camouflage Camouflage Mimicry Mimicry

Example of Adaptation The shape of an animal’s teeth is related to its diet. The shape of an animal’s teeth is related to its diet. Herbivores, such as deer, have many molars for chewing tough grass and plants. Herbivores, such as deer, have many molars for chewing tough grass and plants. Carnivores, such as lions, have sharp canines to kill and tear meat. Carnivores, such as lions, have sharp canines to kill and tear meat.

Camouflage Camouflage allows an animal to blend into its environment. Camouflage allows an animal to blend into its environment. Makes it hard for enemies to single out individuals Makes it hard for enemies to single out individuals

Mimicry Mimicry allows one animal to look, sound, or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous. Mimicry allows one animal to look, sound, or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous.

Plant Adaptations Vascular-stems Vascular-stems Root systems Root systems Thorns Thorns Leave type Leave type Broad:absorb more sunlight Broad:absorb more sunlight Small needle-like: reduce water loss Small needle-like: reduce water loss Waxy: reduce water loss, protect from fire Waxy: reduce water loss, protect from fire Poisonous/toxins Poisonous/toxins

Behavioral adaptations Behavior adaptations include activities or behaviors that help an animal survive. Behavior adaptations include activities or behaviors that help an animal survive. 1. Innate 2. Learned 3. Survival 4. Seasonal

Innate vs. Learned Innate Inherited through the genes Inherited through the genes Examples Examples Flying for bees, birds Swimming for fish Walking for humans Speaking for humans Learned Learned from experience or from observing other animals Learned from experience or from observing other animals Examples Examples Type of language spoken for humans Riding a bicycle

Survival Behavior 1. Finding food Predator-Prey adaptations Predator-Prey adaptations Predator-animals that eat other animals Predator-animals that eat other animals Prey-animal being eaten Prey-animal being eaten 2. Marking Territory Way that animals inform other animals that an area is occupied Way that animals inform other animals that an area is occupied 3. Defensive Action Protect resources, themselves, food, mates, offspring Protect resources, themselves, food, mates, offspring 4. Courtship Behaviors used to find a mate Behaviors used to find a mate 5. Parenting Depend on parents for survival Depend on parents for survival

Animal Defense Some animals use these methods of defense to protect themselves: Some animals use these methods of defense to protect themselves: Camouflage Camouflage Snake Snake Mimicry Mimicry Mexican Milk Snake Mexican Milk Snake Bright colors Bright colors Skunk and Poison Arrow Frog Skunk and Poison Arrow Frog “Hair” projections “Hair” projections Hedgehog quills Hedgehog quills Deer Antlers Deer Antlers

Seasonal Behavior Help organisms adapt to the environment Help organisms adapt to the environment 1. Migration 2. Hibernation 3. Estivation 4. Biological Clock

Migration Animals migrate for different reasons. Animals migrate for different reasons. better climate better climate better food better food safe place to live safe place to live safe place to raise young safe place to raise young go back to the place they were born. go back to the place they were born. Adaptation that involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again. Adaptation that involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again.

Hibernation Period of inactivity in which animal’s body temp., heart rate, and breathing rate slow down to conserve energy. Period of inactivity in which animal’s body temp., heart rate, and breathing rate slow down to conserve energy. Bats, woodchucks & bears. Bats, woodchucks & bears.

Estivation Period of inactivity in the summer Period of inactivity in the summer hot, dry places hot, dry places Snakes, lizards, frogs, toads Snakes, lizards, frogs, toads

Biological Clock Internal control of animal’s natural cycle Internal control of animal’s natural cycle

Physiological Adaptations Behaviors controlled by the brain Behaviors controlled by the brain Reflexes Reflexes Blinking Blinking Pain Pain Swallowing Swallowing Tolerance to a certain poison Tolerance to a certain poison Logical thinking Logical thinking

Mammals warm-blooded warm-blooded All have some type of “hair” All have some type of “hair” Some are very specialized, such as white polar bear fur Some are very specialized, such as white polar bear fur Care for young Care for young

Birds Leg Length Leg Length Roseate Spoonbill (top right) Roseate Spoonbill (top right) Foot Webbing Foot Webbing Laughing Gull (top left) Laughing Gull (top left) Beak Shape Beak Shape Long Billed Curlew (bottom) Long Billed Curlew (bottom)

Reptiles cold- blooded cold- blooded Scales Scales Some undergo hibernation and estivation Some undergo hibernation and estivation Lay eggs on land Lay eggs on land Leg structure and position Leg structure and position

Amphibians Cold-blooded Cold-blooded Lay eggs in water Lay eggs in water Partially of fully webbed feet Partially of fully webbed feet Have lungs or can absorb oxygen through their skin Have lungs or can absorb oxygen through their skin

Natural Selection and Population Changes Over Time

Natural Selection The process by which individuals are better adapted to their environment The process by which individuals are better adapted to their environment “Survival of the Fittest” “Survival of the Fittest” The fittest survive to pass on their traits to the next generation. The fittest survive to pass on their traits to the next generation. Examples: Examples: Insecticide resistance Insecticide resistance Speciation Speciation Galapagos finches Galapagos finches com/png/bird- adaptations3.htm

Insecticide Resistance Speciation

Genetics: what is it? What is genetics? What is genetics? “Genetics is the study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain genes onto their children.” “Genetics is the study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain genes onto their children.” What does that mean? What does that mean? Children inherit their biological parents’ genes that express specific traits, such as some physical characteristics, natural talents, and genetic disorders. Children inherit their biological parents’ genes that express specific traits, such as some physical characteristics, natural talents, and genetic disorders.

Cell to DNA nucleus chromosome cell base pair (double helix) DNA genes

Genetic Concepts Heredity describes how some traits are passed from parents to their children. Heredity describes how some traits are passed from parents to their children. The traits are expressed by genes, which are small sections of DNA that are coded for specific traits. The traits are expressed by genes, which are small sections of DNA that are coded for specific traits. Genes are found on chromosomes. Genes are found on chromosomes. Humans have two sets of 23 chromosomes—one set from each parent. Humans have two sets of 23 chromosomes—one set from each parent.

Genetic Variation Differences that exist naturally among the members of a species Differences that exist naturally among the members of a species Some traits are better suited than others to survive in their environment Some traits are better suited than others to survive in their environment

I can explain how genetic variations within a population help an organism survive longer.

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