AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction

Human/Environment Interaction This theme includes: Demography & Disease Demography is the statistical study of human populations Migrations Patterns of Settlement Technology

8000 B.C.E. – 600 B.C.E. Big Geography and peopling of the earth Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

Paleolithic Era: Demography Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was relatively stagnant

Paleolithic Era: Migration

Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers) Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits Follow migratory patterns of animals Need large portions of land to support themselves Life expectancy was 20 years or less Lived in groups of 20-30 people

Paleolithic Era: Technology

Adapt technology and cultures to new climate regions Humans use fire in new ways Aid hunting and foraging Protect against predators Adapt to cold environments Developed wider range of tools specially adapted to different environments

Neolithic Era: Technology Agriculture (10,000 BCE) Caused by climate change? Slash & Burn Domestication of Animals Technology related to agriculture Irrigation, canals, etc. Bronze metallurgy People need nature & nature needs people

Transition Effects Created a more reliable but not necessarily more diversified food supply Massive environmental impact Intense cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others Pastoralism emerged Domesticated animals and led herds Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed Gave elite men concentrated power

Neolithic Era: Demography Effects of agriculture Increase in population Rise of disease Decline of life expectancy Environmental degradation Increase in pollution Increase in deforestation Increase in desertification Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

New Patterns of Settlement Small village communities Pastoral societies Nomadic herders Rise of civilizations Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) Egypt (3000 BCE) Indus River (2500 BCE) China (2000 BCE) Olmec (1400 BCE) Chavin (900 BCE)

Human Migration: Indo-Europeans Aryans

Human Migration: Polynesians Bananas!

Human Migration: Bantu

New Technology: Iron Iron use begins 1500 BCE Effects of Iron Population growth Expansion of agriculture Growth of cities Expansion of civilization

Classical Period 600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E. Cities grow and serve as centers for trade Empires expand and use Imperialism and relocation to create more farm land Imperial societies employ methods to maintain food production Corvee Slavery Rents and tributes Peasant communities Family and household production

Environmental Damage Through excessive mobilization of resources Imperial governments caused environmental damage Deforestation Desertification Soil Erosiaon Silted Rivers

Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era

Emergence of Trans-regional Networks Volume of long distance trade increases dramatically Resulted from the demand for raw materials and luxury goods Land and water routes Exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens developed alongside trade goods

Trade Routes Eurasian Silk Roads Trans-Saharan caravan routes Indian Ocean sea lanes Mediterranean sea lanes

Technology Yokes Saddles Stirrups Qanant System Lateen sail Dhow ships

Disease Spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires Roman Empire Han Empire

Classical Demography Spread of epidemic disease Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc. Population decreases dramatically Europe falls 50% between 200-600 CE Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between 0-600 CE Contributes to the decline of classical empires

Post Classical 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. Afro-Eurasia and the Americas remained separate Deepening and widening of old a new networks of human interaction within and across regions Silk Roads Mediterranean Sea Trans-Saharan Indian Ocean Conduit for biological diffusion

Technology Horse collar Caravanserai Camel Saddles Champa rice Waru Waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas Improved terracing techniques

Post-Classical Migration Camels!

Post-Classical Demography Population grows after 800 CE Technology Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system China: Champa rice & terrace farming Africa: Iron plow Aztecs: Chinampas Spread of crops Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc. End of a mini-Ice Age?

Continued Diffusion of Crops and Pathogens New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas Bananas in Africa New Rice in East Asia Spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin Spread of epidemic diseases Black death

Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity – important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes Productivity rose in both agriculture and industry Supported population growth and urbanization

Multiple factors led to the decline of urban areas Disease Decline of agricultural productivity Little Ice Age Invasions

Multiple factors contributed to urban revival End of invasions Availability of safe and reliable transport Rise of commerce and warmer temperatures between 800-1300 Greater availability of labor

Post-Classical Demography Urbanization Hangzhou—1 million ppl. Paris—275,000 people Italian cities Tenochtitlan Bubonic Plague China’s population fell 50% from 1200-1400 Europe’s population fell 33%-50% Population took only 100 years to rebound

Spread of Civilization

Spread of Civilization

Global Interactions 1450 - 1750 Interconnection of Eastern and Western hemispheres Transoceanic voyaging Global circulation of some commodities Formation of new regional markets Facilitated the migration of large numbers of people Germs carried to the Americas and ravaged indigenous people Global exchange of crops and animals altered agriculture, diets, and populations around the planet

Technology Astrolabe Revised maps Caravels Navigational School

Demography 1450-1750: Americas Discovery of the Americas Decreased indigenous American population by as much as 90% Replaced by two waves of migration African slave trade European colonization

European Colonization Spread of diseases Small pox, measles, influenza Unintentional transfer of vermin Mosquitoes and rats

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Columbian Exchange

Goods Exchanged American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe Potatoes Maize Manioc Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mainly to Europe and the Middle East Sugar Tobacco

Goods Exchanged Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African Slaves Horses Pigs Cattle Okra Rice

Effects Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment Deforestation Soil Depletion Eradication of native species

Demography 1450-1750: China China’s population tripled from 1650-1750 Improved farming techniques Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) End of nomadic invasions

Demography 1450-1750: Europe Urbanization Agricultural Revolution Netherlands became 1st country with 50% urban population London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650 Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700 Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation and enclosures American crops (corn and potatoes) Population in every area of Europe increased by 50-100% in the 18th century

New Modes of Production Changes in agricultural labor Peasant labor intensified Growth of plantations Chattle slavery, encomienda, hacienda, mit’a Surge in agricultural productivity New methods in crop and field rotation Introduction of new crops Demographic growth By 1700s population was restored in the americas

Industrialization ad Global Integration 1750 - 1900 Need for raw materials Increased food supplies Growing populations

Industrial Revolution & Resources Cotton Cotton Cotton Palm Oil Rubber Rubber Rubber Gold & Diamonds Gold Meat

Production and export of single natural resources Cotton Rubber Palm Oil Sugar Wheat Meat Guano – fertilizer Metals and minerals

Technological Developments Railroads Steamships Telegraphs Canals

Demography 1750-1900: Global

Demography 1750-1900: Europe Tremendous population growth Improvements in food supply Application of science & technology Improved seeds, fertilizer, & livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation eliminates famine Steamboat Creates a greater need for new energy sources Coal, electricity, gas, & petroleum Year Population in Millions % of World Population 1750 141 19.3 1850 292 25.0 1900 482 30.0

Demography 1750-1900: Europe Demographic transition Rapid urbanization High to low mortality High to low fertility Rapid urbanization Suburbanization Decline in urban mortality Urban sanitation Germ theory of disease

Migration Migration patterns changed dramatically Number of migrants increased significantly Connected to the development of transoceanic empires Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a rise in populations

European Migration from 1750 40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas

Reasons for Migration Many freely chose to relocate often in search of work Manual laborers Specialized professionals Global capitalist economy relied on coerced and semi-coerced labor migration Slavery Chinese and Indian indentured servitude Convict labor

Temporary and seasonal migrants – return to home societies Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific Lebanese merchants in the Americas Italians in Argentina Physical nature of the labor in demand – migrants tended to be male leaving women to take on new roles in the home society

African Slave Trade after 1750 Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

Demography 1750-1900: Asia Japanese population growth increased dramatically after 1850 Provides labor for industrialization & helps promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

Asian labor migration after 1750 Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and Pacific China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and the Americas India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured servants to South Africa & Caribbean U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement

Countries attempted to regulate the increased flow of people Ethnic enclaves Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia Countries attempted to regulate the increased flow of people Chinese Exclusion Act White Australia Policy

Accelerating Global Change 1900 - Present Rapid advances in science alters how humans interact with the environment and threaten delicate ecological balances at local, regional, and global levels World Wars Genocides Pandemics Green Revolution Negative growth rates

Population Explosion of 20th Century Why? Introduction of new food crops (Columbian Exchange), colonialism ended local warfare, railroads cut down on famine, improved hygiene & medicine, resistance to birth control, declining infant mortality rates

Causes of Population Growth Medical Innovations increase the ability of the human to survive Artificial Heart Public Health Measures Attacks on disease carrying insects Widespread vaccinations Polio Vaccine Information campaigns Programs to control sewage and other contaminants International agencies focused on health care

Polio Vaccine

Causes of Population Growth More dependable food supplies New farming methods

Diseases Associated with Poverty: Malaria

New Epidemic Diseases: AIDS

Diseases Associated with Old Age Predicted Alzheimer's cases 2005-2050

Diseases Associated with Changing Lifestyles

Humans Change their relationship with the environment Use of oil and nuclear power Exploitation of finite resources Global Warming Pollution Water and air Deforestation and desertification Rates of extinction of other species

Impacts of Population Growth Improved Agriculture Green Revolution Peasants Uprisings China, Mexico, etc. Pressure Third World governments Urbanization Parasitic cities Urban pollution Immigration East Asian emigration continued Middle East & Africans emigrated to Western Europe & the U.S. Immigrants face prejudice

Resettlement of Populations India/Pakistan Partition Zionist Jewish Settlement Division of Mandatory Middle Eastern States Independence movements throughout Africa Migration of former colonial subjects to Imperial cities South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the US

Ethnic Violence Displacement of peoples and resulting refugee populations Armenia Holocaust Cambodia Rwanda Palestinians Darfurians

Limiting Population Growth Many countries advocated birth control & legalized abortion 85% of countries backed family planning China adopted a two-child policy in 1977 Eventually became a one-child policy in 1979 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi proposed involuntary sterilization Return of plague epidemics AIDS virus

Movements Groups throughout the world protest the inequality of environmental consequences Greenpeace Green Belt in Kenya Earth Day

Humanitarian Organizations UNICEF The Red Cross Amnesty International Doctors without Borders WHO

New Scientific Discoveries Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Quantum mechanics Behavior of matter & energy at the atomic level Big Bang Theory Psychology Sigmund Freud Karl Jung