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Archeology: the study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind. Artifacts: those things that people left behind. They can include: Tools and WeaponsArt and SculpturePottery Jewelry Ancient Buildings and Monuments Archeology

Fossils: the remains of ancient plants and animals. Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts. Archaeologists apply scientific tests, such as carbon dating, to analyze fossils and artifacts. Carbon Dating: used to date organic artifacts or things that were once alive. All living things contain a radioactive isotope of Carbon called Carbon 14, which they absorb from the sun while they are alive. Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5,000 years. That means it takes that long years for half of the Carbon 14 in something to break down. If we know how much Carbon 14 something has left, we can count back to how much it had to begin with to determine the age of the artifact. Archaeology (cont’d)

Hominids: humans and other creatures that walk upright on two feet. Austrolopithecus: the first hominid that is thought to have evolved in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 3-4 million years ago. Homo Erectus: the second hominid that is thought to have evolved in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley about 1.5 million years ago. Early Man

Homo Sapien: the third hominid that is thought to have evolved in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. “Wise Person” Scientific name for man. Migrated out of Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Split into two separate groups – Neanderthal and Homo Sapien Sapien. Neanderthal Discovered in the Neander Valley of Germany. Thought to have lived between 30,000 and 500,000 years ago in Europe. They used stone tools and buried their dead – it is thought they had some primitive religious beliefs. It was originally thought that they were killed off by Homo Sapien Sapien, but new evidence has recently emerged that shows that there was interbreeding between the two. Early Man (cont’d)

Homo Sapien Sapien Modern human beings. Replaced Neanderthal by 30,000 B.C. Due to the last Ice Age between 100,000 B.C. and 8,000 B.C. the water levels of the oceans dropped, revealing a land bridge over the Bering Strait connecting Asia to the Americas. By 10,000 B.C., Homo Sapien Sapien could be found throughout the world due to migration. Early Man (cont’d)

“Paleo” means old, “Lithic” means stone – literally translating to Old Stone Age. Characteristics: Hunter-Gatherers – survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals. Nomadic – moved from one location to another in search of food, water, and shelter. Developed an oral or spoken language. Created Cave Art. Learned to make and control fire to keep warm and cook their food. Lived in family groups called clans. Used caves for shelter. Used stone to make simple tools and weapons. Wore fur clothing. The Paleolithic Age

“Neo” means new, “Lithic” means stone – literally translating to New Stone Age. Neolithic Revolution: also known as the “Agricultural Revolution;” the change from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age due to the discovery of farming and the domestication of animals, helping to provide a constant food source and establish civilizations. Characteristics: Developed agriculture. Domesticated animals. Lived in permanent settlements and structures. Made pottery to store food. Used stone to make advanced tools and weapons. Wore woven clothing. The Neolithic Age