CHAPTER 18 Section 1:Setting the Stage for War Section 2:World War I: A New Kind of War Section 3:The Russian Revolution Section 4: The Terms of Peace Section 5: Creating a “New” Europe World War I and the Russian Revolution

Friday ….. BELLRINGERS: DUE FRI. (12/11/15) “Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand” “Gas Attack” “The Storming of the Winter Palace” “The Home Front in Germany” Semester Exam Schedule Monday, December 14th: B-DayWednesday, December 16th: B-Day A1/A2 ReviewB5/B6 Exams B7/B8 ClassA3/A4 Review Tuesday, December 15th: A-DayThursday, December 17th: A-Day A1/A2 Exams A4/A3 Exams B5/B6 ReviewB7/B8 Review All students will have to be checked out. No Work ReleaseFriday, December 18th: B-Day B7/B8 Exams

SECTION 4 What events led to the end of World War I? The Terms of Peace The End of the War: September-November, 1918 SeptemberOctoberNovember _________ are stopped at the Marne River ________ surrenders _______ ask for peace ______________ stops fighting, forms separate governments __________abdicates, ___________republic is announced _________ signs armistice

SECTION 4 Document Snapshot: “The Home Front in Germany” The Terms of Peace

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Now that the war has ended what are some things that could be done to safeguard democracy

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace January 1918 Wilson ’ s Fourteen Points speech to Congress …outlined a set of ideas for after the war.

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Six General Points – plans of a general nature NO secret treaties Freedom of the seas for ALL nations Removal of economic barriers (free trade between the countries who accept the peace such as no tariffs) Reduction of armaments (reduction in weapons and armies) Colonial claims over land and regions will be fair. Establishment of a general association of nations – guarantees political independence & protection

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Remaining 8 points dealt with specific countries and regions such as Russia, Belgium, etc. 7. German troops will evacuate Belgium and Belgium will be an independent country. 8.France will regain all territory including the disputed land of Alsace-Lorraine. 9.The borders of Italy will be established such that all Italians will be within the country of Italy. 10.Austria-Hungary will be allowed to continue to be an independent country. 11.The Central Powers will evacuate Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania leaving them as independent countries. 12.The Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire will have their own country. Other nationalities under the Ottoman rule will also have security. 13.Poland shall be an independent country.Poland 14.A League of Nations will be formed that protects the independence of all countries no matter how big or small.

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace What was the overall purpose of the Fourteen Points? …a just and safer world

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace What about the Treaty of Brest Litovsk? allowed the Germans to concentrate on their Western front against France and Britain in the summer of 1918.

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Second Battle of the Marne final offensive push of World War I Battle of Château-Thierry one of the first actions of the American Expeditionary Forces

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace A. 2 million American troops arrive B. Slowly move towards Germany (counterattack) C. November 9, 1918-Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down.

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace July – Allied Counterattack Bulgaria surrenders 29 Sept Turks ask for peace – 30 Oct 14 Oct – Austria- Hungary asks for armistice Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates 9 Nov Europe 1918 Summer of 1918 Events move quickly!

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace …eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month… in a railroad car in the forest of Compiegne in France. 11 November 1918

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Terms of Armistice 1.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was canceled. 2.Give up submarines. 3.Release war prisoners 4.Surrender munitions to prevent possible fights. 5. Allies could now occupy German territory west of Rhine River.

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Costs of War

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Paris Peace Conference 1919 Wilson Clemenceau Lloyd George Orlando All three men wanted to stop a war ever happening again, but they did not agree about how to do this. They wanted different things from the peace, and they did not get on well.

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Georges Clemenceau He was the Prime Minister of France. He wanted revenge, and to punish the Germans for what they had done. He wanted to make Germany pay for the damage done during the war. He also wanted to weaken Germany, so France would never be invaded again.

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace Woodrow Wilson He wanted to make the world safe. He wanted to end war by making a fair peace. He said that he wanted disarmament, and a League of Nations (where countries could talk out their problems, without war). He also promised self-determination for the peoples of Eastern Europe.

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace David Lloyd George He was Prime Minister of Great Britain. He said he would ‘ make Germany pay ’ – because he knew that was what the British people wanted to hear. He wanted ‘ justice ’, but he did not want revenge. He said that the peace must not be harsh – that would just cause another war in a few years time. He tried to get a ‘ halfway point ’ – a compromise between Wilson and Clemenceau. He ALSO wanted to expand the British Empire, maintain British control of the seas, and increase Britain's trade.

Visual Source The Terms of Peace In this Swiss WWI-era cartoon titled "At the Peace Conference," the nations of France, England, the US, Belgium and Italy sit around the conference table smoking pipes together, with a PAX statue in the center of the table. The conference table is supported by a platform of bombs and powder kegs, labeled "World Revolution." The caption reads, "I hope they will soon get through with this Peace Pipe smoking. A spark might fall underneath, and then--!!!?" The cartoon was published during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and reflects fears that the victors of WWI, by attempting to create a lasting peace would instead destabilize Europe.

Political Cartoon The Terms of Peace

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace

SECTION 4 The Terms of Peace SeptemberOctoberNovember Germans are stopped at the Marne River Bulgaria surrenders Turks ask for peace Austria-Hungary stops fighting, forms separate governments German Kaiser abdicates, German republic is announced Germany signs armistice The End of the War: September-November, 1918

Gallipoli campaign begins Feb., What was the purpose of the Gallipoli campaign? The Allies believed that if they could secure the Dardanelles, the narrow sea strait that was the gateway to the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, they would be able to take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia. United States enters the war April, Why did the United States enter the war? because of public outrage over Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann note, traditional bonds between Americans and English, reports of German war atrocities, and most importantly, strong economic ties with Allies. Lenin seizes power in Russia Nov., Why did the czar’s government collapse? Czar Nicholas abdicated when he was faced with civil unrest due in part to wartime shortages, the refusal of the army to continue fighting, and the prospect of revolution. Germany and Russia sign Treaty of Brest- Litovsk – March, What did this treaty accomplish? it ended the war between Russia and Germany. Allies and Germans fight Second Battle of the Marne – July, What was the significance of this battle? The German war effort had exhausted both men and supplies; more than two million American troops took part in this battle; Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany and the Central Powers began to crumble. World War I ends Nov., What events signaled the final defeat of the Central Powers? surrender of Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks; revolution in Austria- Hungary; mutiny in Germany and forced resignation of Kaiser.