© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 11 Endocrine System

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine Glands Glands produce secretions Endocrine glands make hormones Hormones use the circulatory system to reach their target & the composition of a hormone is a chemical substance. Do not confuse with exocrine glands, which have secretions that go through a duct

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine Glands © 2014 Cengage Learning.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Function of the Endocrine System Coordinate functions to maintain homeostasis Hypothalamus Neurotransmitters

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. More Functions Pituitary gland

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. More Functions Negative feedback system

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. More Functions Nervous control

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pituitary Gland About the size of a grape Located at the base of the brain Connected to the hypothalamus Anterior lobe and posterior lobe Also known as the master gland –It’s hormones affect other glands

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin –FYI… A teenage athlete who wants to grow bigger and taller might be foolish enough to take Somatotropin (a pituitary hormone) –Acromegaly is caused by over secretion of somatotropin in adults and causes enlarged bones in the hands, feet and face. Androgens –stimulate body hair, facial hair, large muscles and a deep voice. Prolactin hormone (PRL) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Intermediate Lobe – Pituitary A few cells along the borders of the posterior and anterior lobes Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Posterior Lobe – Pituitary Vasopressin converts to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the bloodstream Oxytocin- when a doctor induces labor, a pregnant woman is given Pitocin, which is a synthetic form of oxytocin.

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Lobes of the Pituitary Gland

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Quiz Time… Name the glands/parts of body r/t hormones

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thyroid Glands Located in the neck close to the cricoid cartilage (Adam’s apple) Regulates body metabolism Thyroxine (T 4 ) Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) Calcitonin

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Parathyroid Glands Four glands the size of grains of rice Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and nearest to the Larynx Maintains calcium-phosphorus balance Parathormone Parathormone and calcitonin –Antagonistic effects

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thymus Gland Both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ Located under the sternum Decreases in size with aging Thymosin

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney Have a cortex and a medulla ACTH from the pituitary gland stimulates activity of the cortex Cushing’s syndrome-disorder of the Adrenal Gland

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Androgens Estrogens

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine or adrenalin –Powerful cardiac stimulant Norepinephrine –are released by the adrenal medulla and nervous system respectively. They are the flight/fight hormones that are released when the body is under extreme stress. Responds to the sympathetic nervous system Fight-or-flight hormones

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them. Dopamine deficiency results in Parkinson's Disease, and people with low dopamine activity may be more prone to addiction. The presence of a certain kind of dopamine receptor is also associated with sensation-seeking people, more commonly known as "risk takers."

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Serotonin Serotonin helps to relay messages from one area of the brain to another. Because of the widespread distribution of its cells, it is believed to influence a variety of psychological and other body functions. Of the approximately 40 million brain cells, most are influenced either directly or indirectly by serotonin. This includes brain cells related to mood, sexual desire and function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behavior.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Norepinephrine As a stress hormone, norepinephrine affects parts of the brain where attention and... Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine also underlies the fight-or- flight

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Flight or Fight

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Gonads – Hormones Female (ovary) –Estrogen –Progesterone Male –Testosterone

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pancreas Located behind stomach Exocrine and endocrine functions Insulin (also known as an endocrine hormone.) Glucagon

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pineal Gland Located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain Suprachiasmatic nucleus Melatonin

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Hormones Prostaglandins (function in both the promotion and resolution of inflammation) –One of a number of hormone-like substances that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation. Pathologic=caused by disease Physiologic=Something that is normal, that is due neither to anything pathologic(caused by disease) nor significant in terms of causing illness –Activity depends on which tissue secretes them –Exact nature and function is being studied

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Effects of Aging Aging affects nearly every gland Blood levels of some hormones increase, while others decrease Affects the homeostasis of the body