The Renaissance Yes, you should takes notes. And yes, this will be on a test.

Overview of the times… Age of Exploration –Increased humans’ knowledge of the world –Colonization, wealth, changing world views Sonnets –1557 Richard Tottel printed collections of poems inspired by Petrarch –New form of poetry: the sonnets Golden Age in the East –Mogul leader Akbar reigned in India –Religious freedom and cultural flowering

Overview of the times… Scientific Advances –Galileo made scientific discoveries that challenged RC Church (earth revolved around sun) –Church forced him to recant –He spent last 8 years of his life under house arrest 1992 Pope John Paul II announced Church was wrong Scientific Method –Francis Bacon: base truths on experimentation –Rene Descartes: French mathematician

I. The Renaissance A.Rediscovering Ancient Greece and Rome 1. Renaissance is French word meaning “rebirth” 2. Renewed interest in Ancient Greece and Rome 3. Few ordinary people could read 4. Books were handwritten manuscripts in Greek and Latin

B.The Spirit of Rebirth 1.People more curious about themselves and world is a good life 2.Renewal of curiosity and creativity 3.Renaissance person – term still used today for energetic, productive person (arts, sciences) Examples: Thomas Jefferson,___________________ C. It All Began in Italy: A Flourish of Genius 1. Banking and Trade with East 2. Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Galileo, Columbus 3. RC Church rich and powerful: patron of the arts (Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to paint Bible scenes on Sistine Chapel) Historians now believe period was marked by series of renaissances

The Rise of Humanism D. Humanism: Questions about the Good Life 1.Humanism: intellectual movement of classicists 2.Asked: What is a human being? What is a good life? How do I lead a good life? 3.Harmonized Classics and Bible for answers 4.Teachers: Aim of life to attain virtue (not success, money, or fame)

John Milton: Education “Of Education” summary: The aim of humanistic teaching was not to produce scholars but to prepare students to “perform justly, skillfully, and magnanimously all the offices both private and public, of peace and war.”

E. The New Technology: A Flood of Print 1. Johannes Gutenberg (1400?-1468): inventor of printer with movable print 2. Printed immense Latin Bible in William Caxton in England issued about 100 different titles

F. Two Friends – Two Humanists 1.Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch monk, traveled, taught Greek 2.Thomas More: Young lawyer, wrote in Latin: Utopia (treatise on human society) 3.Both dedicated to church (but frustrated with teachings)

G. The Reformation: Breaking with the Church Some European countries broke with RC Church England, conflicts with papacy over centuries 1530s open break with RC Church Martin Luther (Germany, ) founded new kind of Christianity based on personal beliefs (Posted 95 Theses on Church Door)

H. King Versus Pope: All for an Heir 1.Conflict between pope and king climaxes 2.King Henry VIII wants divorce from wife 3.Pope denies divorce 4.King Henry VIII appoints new archbishop of Canterbury in 1533who declares Henry’s Marriage invalid Henry declares himself head of Church of England

I. The Protestant Reformation 1.King Henry VIII closed all England’s monasteries 2.Sold buildings and land 3.More objected – he was beheaded! 4.Many people objected to new Church as well 5.Protestants: Puritans, Baptists, Presbyterians, Dissenters…. Trace roots to Reformation

J. Henry VIII : Renaissance Man and Executioner 1.5 Tudor rulers of England: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary, Edward, Elizabeth 2.Henry VII: Welsh nobleman seized throne after War of the Roses. Restored order. 3.Henry VIII: had 6 wives, 3 heirs, was poet, musician, athlete, humanist. 4.Henry VIII also executed all enemies 5.He created the Royal Navy which stopped foreign invasions

K. The Boy King and Bloody Mary 1.King Edward, 9 years old, mother Jane Seymour, died of TB 2.Bloody Mary, restored the RC church, ruthlessly hunted and killed Protestants 3.Died of a fever, childless 4.Elizabeth I takes over: becomes powerful and mighty and respected

L. Elizabeth: The Virgin Queen 1.Reigned from Restored the Anglican Church and rejected the pope 3.She finally kills her cousin/nemesis, Mary Queen of Scots 4.She pretended she might marry King Philip of Spain but never intended to….

A True Daughter 1.She survived many plots against her 2.She eventually beheaded Mary Queen of Scots for her traitorous plots 3.King Philip uses Mary’s execution to invade England England’s Royal Navy destroyed the Spanish Armada 5.Great turning point in history

A Flood of Literature 1.English writers prolific now 2. Elizabeth I symbol of peace, prosperity, security to subjects 3. She is inspiration to many writers 4.Gloriana, Diana, the Faerie Queene, and Cynthia 5.Connoisseur of literature

1.Elizabeth died childless 2.James VI of Scotland succeeded her 3.Lacks Elizabeth’s resolve and thrift and glamor 4.Admirable, benevolent ruler but not liked 5.Patron of Shakespeare and approved version of Bible (King James version) P. A Dull Man Succeeds a Witty Woman

1.Charles I ( ) remote and self- destructive 2.Beheaded in England ruled by Parliament and dictator Oliver Cromwell Charles II came to power 5.Renaissance values eroded Q. The Decline of The Renaissance

Middle Ages: Final Stages The Hundred-Years War ( ) –series of raids, uneasy peace treaties, etc –birth of modern, democratic England

What’s the Point? CONTEXT! CONTEXT! Literature always reflects the values, beliefs, fears, and desires of the culture that produces it.