Ch. 15 Respiratory System Pg. 421-450

Functions of Respiratory System Gas Exchange: allow oxygen to enter blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood Regulation of Blood pH: changes blood carbon dioxide levels Voice production: air movement past vocal cords Assist with Olfaction: pulls airborne molecules into the nasal cavity Innate immunity: prevent entry into body and remove from respiratory surfaces

Mucus and Cilia An important feature of the respiratory system is mucus producing cells and ciliated cells. Goblet cells produce the main component of mucus As air flows through nasal cavity, hairs (cilia) and mucus trap particles Mucus is swept back by hairs (cilia) to the pharynx and swallowed

Nose & Nasal Cavity Bridge of nose is bone, most of nose is cartilage Nares (nostrils): external openings

Nose & Nasal Cavity Nasal Septum: partition between right/left sides Conchae: bony ridges add surface area

Hard Palate: divides nasal cavity from oral cavity Choane: opening into the pharynx

Sinuses are air filled spaces within bone They reduce the weight of the skull

Sinus headache Mucous drains into the nasal cavity Mucous membranes can become swollen Due to nasal infection, sinus infection, or allergies Mucus accumulates and causes pressure

Pharynx Common passageway of respiratory and digestive system Air from nasal cavity and food, air, water from the mouth Three regions: Nasopharynx: Oropharynx: Laryngopharynx: Auditory tubes extend from middle ears to nasopharynx Pharyngeal tonsil (aids in defense against infection) The soft palate and uvula elevate during swallowing and prevent food from passing into the nasopharynx Pharynx

Sneeze Reflex Dislodge foreign substances from the nasal cavity

Tonsil Locations Nasopharynx: pharyngeal tonsil Oropharynx: palatine & lingual tonsil Tonsil Locations

Larynx Connects pharynx to trachea Hyoid bone Epiglottis (elastic cartilage) Thyroid & cricoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Larynx: Ligaments Superior pair: vestibular folds FALSE VOCAL CORDS Prevent air from leaving lungs Inferior pair: vocal folds TRUE VOCAL CORDS Air moving past causes vibrations Muscles control length, tension Tension causes pitch Force of air = loudness Laryngitis: inflammation of the mucus epithelium of vocal folds inhibits voice production

Trachea: “windpipe” Reinforced with 16-20 C shaped cartilage “Cough Reflex” – dislodge foreign substance from trachea “Carina” of the trachea – where it divides into right/left Right is more vertical, left is horizontal because it is displaced by heart Trachea: “windpipe”

Smoker’s Cough Constant irritation causes tracheal epithelium to change from pseudstratified columnar (contains cilia and goblet cells) to stratified squamous (no cilia). Without cilia, mucus/debris builds up Microorganisms grow, irritation and inflammation stimulate cough reflex

Coloring Anatomy Review Color in the anatomy of the upper respiratory system tonight to review locations. Be sure to go over facts and function of each anatomical feature