Unit 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY& BASIC CHEMISTRY

What is science? (11-14) A. Science is the use of evidence to construct ___________________and ___________ of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process. B. Science only answers questions that are ________ by a process called ________________- the planned and deliberate investigation of the natural world. It is both a creative process & a process rooted in ____________________________. testable explanations predictions testable scientific inquiry unbiased observation & experimentation

The Scientific Methods (15-20) A. Observation- where it all begins- gathering information in an _____________ B. Inferring- process of _________ what you _______ with what you have ________ to draw a _________________ - the conclusion themselves are called ____________ orderly way combining knowlearned logical conclusion inferences

The Scientific Methods (15-20) C. The term, “scientific method” is misleading because it actually refers to a process that is neither reserved for biologist and other scientists, nor a methodical set of steps to be followed in a specific order. Instead, it is an __________ pattern of thinking to solve __________________. organized everyday problems

The Scientific Method - “How dull!”, you might say But it’s actually a tool we use everyday To shop and compare and problem-solve, too It’s just a pattern of thinking in much that we do!

The Scientific Methods (15-20) 1. ___________________ 2. Forming a __________- a testable ___________ or ___________ 3. Setting Up a Controlled __________: A controlled experiment usually consists of two groups: a. Control – Set-up used as a __________ or standard for __________ Question or Problem hypothesis explanationprediction experiment benchmark comparison

Questions Ask about objects, organisms, and events in the natural world. Can be answered through investigations that involve experiments, observations, or surveys. Are answered by collecting and analyzing evidence that is measurable. Relate to scientific ideas rather than personal preference or moral values. Do not relate to the supernatural or to non- measurable phenomena.

Is it a well-defined Question? How does a paper airplane fly? Not well- defined.

Does the shape of the wing affect how far a paper airplane will fly? Well- defined!

Is rock music better than hip-hop music? Not well- defined.

Does rock music make more money than hip-hop music? Well- defined!

Hypothesis (The educated Guess) Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this: "If _____[I do this], then _____[this]_____ will happen.“ For example: “IF a plant receives fertilizer, THEN it will grow bigger than a plant that did not receive fertilizer. Other ways to write a hypothesis: - I predict that ______________ because _______________. - I hypothesize that __________________ because______________. Your hypothesis should be something that you can actually test. The word HYPOTHESES is plural for hypothesis.

The Scientific Methods (15-20) b. Experimental Group – Group in which all conditions are kept the same except for a ____________- the factor changed by the experimenter. Only ___ factor should be changed in each experimental group. This change is designed to test the ___________. i. Manipulated (independent) variable – factor that is _________________________ ii. Responding (dependent) variable – condition that is ___________________ as a result of the _______ iii. Constant- factor that remains _______ while the independent & dependent variables ______. single variable 1 hypothesis changed by the experimenter measured or observed change fixed change

The Scientific Methods (15-20) c. Collecting Data- Data from an experiment should be presented in a concise and organized manner. i. Quantitative data- numerical data such as ____________________________________.  ___________- how close a group of measurements are to one another  ___________- how close a group of measurements are to the real or accepted value. ii. Qualitative data- ___________ of what our _________ detect; interpreted differently Measurements of time, temp., length, mass ext. Precision Accuracy descriptions senses

The Scientific Methods (15-20) iii. Pie or Circle Graph – Used to show _________________________ iv. Bar Graph – Used when independent variable isn’t continuous; for example, absorbency of different brands of paper towels v. Line Graph – Used when independent variable ___________; for example, time. A line graph most clearly shows the relationship between the independent & dependent variables in an experiment. In a line graph, the manipulated (independent) variable is plotted on the __ axis and the responding (dependent) variable is plotted on the __ axis. Memory Helper: _________ relationship of a part to a whole is continuous X Y DRY MIX

The Scientific Methods (15-20) d. Analysis and Conclusion- After collecting data, a scientist must analyze the data and form conclusions based on the following questions: i. Do the results _______ or _____ the _______? ii. Is the experimental set-up _______? iii. Was there a large enough __________? iv. Although no experimental set-up can be perfect, were the _____________ minimized? v. Was there only ________ tested? vi. Is the experiment _____________? support refute hypothesis valid sample size sources of error variable repeatable

Scientific Theories, Laws & Hypotheses ( 21) A_______________- explanation of natural or physical phenomenon supported by many observations & experiments over time. Tested by many, considered valid until new study developed or new technologies are developed & new evidence found. EX. Cell theory, atomic theory, theory of general relativity. Scientific Theory

Scientific Theories, Laws & Hypotheses ( 21) B. ___________- describes relationships under certain conditions in nature. EX. Law of conservation of matter indicates that before & after a chemical change the same amount of matter exists; it does not explain why this occurs. Theories do not become laws and laws do not become theories! C. ________________________ Hypothesis are not well established explanation; can become be incorporated into a theory after being tested many times & the explanation is durable Scientific Law Scientific theory vs. Hypothesis

The Science of Life (1-10) A. What is Biology? Biology means the___________. Bio=____logy=________ Biology is the science that seeks to understand the living world. study of life lifestudy of

The Science of Life (1-10) B. What do biologists do? 1. Study the _______ of life- Ex. Jane Goodall study chimpanzees behavior in their natural environment in Africa 2. Research ________- Ex. Mary-Claire King studied chimpanzees genetics; 1073 found their genome & ours to be 99% identical which led in helping our understanding of how diseases work & how to treat them. diversity disease

The Science of Life (1-10) 3. Develop ___________- technology defined as the application of scientific knowledge to solve human needs & to extend human capability. Ex. Advancement in prostatic limbs; Dr. Charles Drew- pioneered process of separating blood plasma from blood cells & safely storing & transporting for transfusions. 4. Improve ________- Ex. Joanne Chory study mustard plants sensitive to light 5. _____________________ the environment- prevent the extinction of animals & plants. Ex. Lee Anne Martinez composting toilets in Africa use no water Technologies agriculture Preserve the environment

Characteristics of Life A. Living things are____________. 1. A cell is the _______________________of life. 2. Living organisms are grouped by the number of cells: ___________– single-celled organisms; ex. Bacteria, amoebas * ___________– organisms made up of more than one cell; ex. Humans, frogs, fish, insects, plants made of cells smallest working unit of life Unicellular Multicellular

Characteristics of Life B. Living things Displays __________ 1. A cell is a collection of __________________ that carries on life functions 2. All living structures are composed of ______ and ___________. 3. In multicellular organisms i. Specialized cells are organized into ii. groups that ____________ called __________. ii. Tissues are _________ into _______, iii. Organ systems work together to support an ___________ Organization organized structures atoms molecules work together tissues organized organs organism

Characteristics of Life C. Living things _______________ 1. ________- all living things grow at least part of their lives, single-celled organism simple increase in size 2. _____________- describes _________________that take place during the lifetime of an organism grow & develop Growth Development physical changes

Characteristics of Life D. Living things __________ 1. Not essential for individual, but essential for the ______ 2. Species- group of organisms that can ______ with one another and produce ______________. 3. Two ways: i. _______- new organism has a single parent; example- single-celled organism splits in half. _____________________________ reproduce asexual NO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL species breed fertile offspring

Characteristics of Life D. Living things __________ ii. ______- two cells (___________) from different parents unite to form an _______. _____________________________ reproduce Sexual egg & sperm embryo IS AN EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

Characteristics of Life E. Living things ____________________ 1. External stimulus- includes things outside the organism. Ex. Temp. light 2. Internal stimulus- all things inside the organism. Ex. Hunger, thirst respond to stimuli

Characteristics of Life F. Living things____________________. 1. Two main ways to _________ energy: i. _____________- energy from sun. Ex. Plants, some bacteria & protist ii. _________- energy from the food they eat. Ex. Us, other animals, fungi require energy obtain Photosynthesis Consumer

Characteristics of Life FLiving things____________________. 2. One way to use energy: i. All organism uses its energy for __________- the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism __________ ____________________as it carries out its life processes Metabolism breaks down materials builds up or require energy

Characteristics of Life G. Living things maintain ____________ 1. process by which organisms maintain a _____________ internal environment homeostasis relatively stable

Characteristics of Life H. Adaptations _____ over time 1. Adaptations are _____________ that occur over time that help the species ______ & pass their ______ to their ________ evolve inherited changes survivegenes offspring

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life 1. _____- Smallest unit of _______that retains its elemental properties 2. ________- Groups of ______bonded together 3. ____- Smallest ____________of life Atommatter Moleculeatoms Cellworking unit

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life 4. _________- ________ living thing; depending on the complexity, an organism may be composed of: a. _______- groups of _____working together b. _______– groups of _______ working together c. ____________- groups of _________ working together OrganismIndividual Tissue cells Organ tissues Organ systemorgans

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life 5. __________- Group of organisms of ___________ in one area 6. __________- Different __________ that live together in a specific area 7. ___________- A __________and its non- living components 8. _________– Earth Population one species Communitypopulations Ecosystemcommunity Biosphere

VI. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE (p ) Organisms are composed of ______, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is composed of ________, pure substances that consists entirely of one type of ____. matter elements atom

A. Elements naturally occurring elements essential to life 3. 4 making up 96% of living matter: _______________________________ carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

B. Atoms 1. ___________- a. center of atom b. _______ which have a _______charge c. _______ which are ________ Nucleus positive neutral protons neutrons

B. Atoms 2. Electron cloud/orbital- a. space surrounding nucleus b. _________in constant _______ in this space c. electrons have a _________ charged; therefore attracted to the + charged nucleus motion negative Electrons

B. Atoms 3. Charge of Atoms a. Have equal # of protons & electron so they are neutral b. _______ = # of ______ that element contains. Ex. Atomic # C = 6 Atomic # protons

C. Isotopes – 1. Atom with same # of _____ but a ________ of _______ 2. An example of an element that forms isotopes is ______.  Carbon-12 → the most common & ______ form of carbon; has __ protons and _ neutrons  Carbon-13 → __ protons & __ neutrons  Carbon-14 → __ protons & __ neutrons 3. Some are very unstable or ________,(because of change nucleus ________ causing it to ______ or __________ which gives off radiation Useful in ______________ and ________________ different neutrons carbon stable reactive research medicine protons unstabledecay break apart

D. Compounds 1. elements combined in __________ of atoms form compounds 2. held together by____________ 3. Cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means such as tearing or crushing 4. Can be broken down by chemical means fixed ratios chemical bonds

5. Chemical formula a. shorthand to show elements in a compound b. ________ = 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 sulfur atom, 4 oxygen atoms for a total of 7 atoms c. Ex. C6H6O6= __ carbon atoms, __ hydrogen atoms, __ oxygen atoms, total of ___ atoms H2SO

D. Compounds 6. Chemical Equation- a. recipe for making a compound b. __________- what goes into the reaction c. __________- substance that is formed d. Ex. 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O; Reactant = _____________, Product = ____________ H 2 &O2O2 H2OH2O Reactants Products

E. Chemical Bonds 1. Involves the _________________, what would be the outermost electrons valence electron

E. Chemical Bonds 2. Ionic Bonds a. One or more electrons are ___________ from one atom to another b.Results in 2 oppositely charged particles called ____________ ** an atom that _______ electrons has a ________ charge **an atom that _________ electrons has a ________ charge transferred IONS positive negative gains losses

E. Chemical Bonds 2. Ionic Bonds c. Attraction between ____________charged ions forms ionic bonds d. Ex. NaCl or table salt e. Ions in living things- sodium, potassium, calcium, carbonate ions- they help maintain __________ as they travel ___ & _____ of _____, help ___________ among ______ that allows you to see, taste, hear, feel, & smell oppositely homeostasis inout cells transmit signalscells

f. ______ bonds than covalent g. Most _______ at room temp & high _____________ than molecules Weaker crystalline melting points

E. Chemical Bonds 3. Covalent Bonds a. electrons are being _______ b. results in very _______ compounds called ______________ C. Ex. _________________________ D. _________ bonds than ionic shared MOLECULES Water, Glucose,DNA stable Stronger

E. Intermolecular Forces- attractions between one molecule and a neighboring molecule(s) 4. van der Waals Forces a. Include all intermolecular forces that act between electrically neutral molecules. Several special cases occur. b. Ex. Geckos can climb smooth surfaces because of van der Waals forces between atoms in the hair-like structures on their toes & the atoms on the surface they are climbing.

2. Hydrogen bonding a. weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen atom b. A strong type of van der Waal force

III.WATER (pp. 40 – 43) Water is the most ________________ and abundant substance on Earth. Cells are made up of mostly water and most cells are_______ by water. The importance of water is largely due to its unique characteristics, which all directly relate to one very important property of water... Water is polar. essential surrounded

A. Polarity a. ______________ of __________in molecules formed with covalent bonds b. How this works: A closer look at a water molecule: 1. oxygen has __ protons in nucleus & each hydrogen has ___ proton in their nucleus Unequal sharing 8 1 electrons

A. Polarity b. 10 shared electrons will be more attracted to the more positively charged _______nucleus; thus _________ around the ________ end of the molecule just about all the time c. The oxygen end will have a slightly _________ charge d. The hydrogen ends will have a slightly _______ charge e. Not ___________ because the electrons are not transferred; just shared unequally negative positive oxygen orbiting oxygen true charges

2. Hydrogen “Bonds” a. Not a ____ bond- does not form a ____ compound b. Attraction between _________ molecules; like water true new two polar

2. Hydrogen “Bonds” c. _______ between slightly ________ charged hydrogen end of one ______ molecule and the slightly _________ charged end of another ______ molecule. d. EX. In water: forms between positively charged __ end of one water molecule and the negatively charged ___ end of another water molecule positively negatively H attraction polar O

3. Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic a. Polar molecules are attracted to other _______ molecules, Any molecule attracted to water is described as ________________ b. Non-polar molecules are attracted to_____________________________. Molecules repelled by water are described as________________. polar hydrophilic Non-polar molecules hydrophobic

B. Properties Polarity gives water some unique properties important in maintaining __________________ homeostasis

B. Properties of Water Water is "sticky" – Water molecules tend to stick together, called ___________ and results in______________. Water molecules also tend to stick to other surfaces - known as______________. This explains the phenomenon known as ________ action. b. Ex. Insects walking on water; hurts to do a belly flop cohesion surface tension adhesion capillary

B. Properties of Water 2. Water is the solvent of life – Slightly- charged ends of water molecules __________ and _______ atoms that make up other compounds, thus __________ them. Anything dissolved in water is referred to as a _______. Many important compounds in cells are in __________. attract separate dissolving solution

B. Properties of Water 3. Water has a high heat of vaporization – Perspiring cools us because it requires __________ to change water from a liquid to a_____. When perspiration____________, the heat required is drawn from our_____. Also, why our lakes do not totally evaporate in the hot summers of Texas. heat energy gasevaporate skin

B. Properties of Water Water has a high specific heat – This allows large bodies of water to maintain a _________________________. stable temperature

B. Properties of Water Liquid water expands as it freezes – Ice is less dense than water so it ___________ which _________ organisms and ___________________________________ protects floats Insulates lakes, rivers, oceans

Mixtures with Water A mixtures are combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its individual characteristics and properties. 1. Homogeneous mixtures- uniform composition throughout the mixture; also called a solution. Ex. Kool aid 1. Solvent- substance in which another substances is dissolved 2. Solute- substance that is dissolved in the solvent

Mixtures with Water 2. Heterogeneous Mixtures- components remain distinct; you can tell what they are individually. 1. Suspension- when particles will settle to the bottom 2. Colloid- when particles do not settle out; EX. Fog, smoke, butter, mayo, milk, paint, and ink. Blood is a colloid made up of plasma, cells, & other substances

Acids- 1. When a substances releases ___________________when dissolved in water 2. H+ ion is released because it is attracted to the negatively charged O atoms in water 3. _________ ions released the ____________ the solution hydrogen ions (H+) More H+ more acidic

Bases 1. When a substance releases _______________ when dissolved in water 2. More OH- ions released the ______________ the solution hydroxide ions (OH-) more basic

pH Scale 1. measure of H+ ions in solutions is pH 2. scale devised _________ 3. Pure water is 7; neutral 4. ______________ values less than 7 5. ______________ vales higher than Acids have pH Bases have pH

Buffers 1. Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. 2. Majority of biological process carried out by cells between ____________ of pH scale. 3. In cells keep pH within the 6.5 to 7.5 range 4. Your blood contains buffers that keep ________________ 5. Ex. Antacids- used to help _________________ the_______________; pH about 7.4 neutralize stomach acid