Presentation on Water and Power For India Water Week-2016 By PFC Consulting Limited (A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of PFC Ltd.) April 07, 2016

 Future of India’s Water and Power management are inextricably linked  Water may impose the next level of challenge in Power sector.  Strained electrical power infrastructure in Northern and Eastern India in 2012, the two days of blackout was aggravated due to:  Abnormally weak monsoon in the year of black out leading to additional pumping of water for irrigation  Lower water level due to low rainfall in the same year of black out impacted hydroelectric power plants operation  Due to much water two hydroelectric plants in Himachal Pradesh (1500 MW) were forced to shut down due to siltation last week of blackout

 Plant consumptive water requirement is governed by a number of factors i.e. quality of raw water, condenser cooling system, quality of coal, ash utilization and disposal system etc.  In past power stations were designed with liberal considerations and high design margins  The consumptive water requirement for coal based Power Plants with cooling tower used to be about 7 m 3 /hr per MW without Ash water recirculation and 5 m 3 /hr per MW with ash water recirculation  In recent past, plants have been designed with consumptive water requirement in the range of m 3 /hr per MW or m 3 /Unit  Similar plant in Australia consumes m 3 /hr per MW

 Coal based Thermal Power Plant is an extremely water intensive way of generating energy  Consumptive water requirement is much higher as compared to developed countries  For 1000 MW m 3 /hr per MW requires approx. 27 MCM water which is sufficient for irrigating 7000 hectares of agriculture land  Situation is more aggravated, as Power Plants are being set up in Geographic clusters

 Inland clusters will use fresh water from rivers and other water bodies  Out of 192,804 MW coal fired Thermal Power Plant that have got the EC, about 138,000 MW are inland  50% are concentrated in four River basins namely Ganga, Godavari, Mahanadi and Brahmani

 The 12 th Plan Period is from recommends to add 100 GW energy sources  If share of coal fired plant is 80%, around 80 GW new coal capacity 3 /hr per MW, around 2.5 Billion Cubic Meters of water per year will be required  Assuming 70% capacity located in inland and uses fresh water, the amount of consumptive water is equivalent of water required for irrigating around 400,000 hectares of farmland  The said farmland is equivalent of 1/7 th of area under food grain production in Tamil Nadu.

 Earlier Vidarbha had only four State owned coal based Thermal Power Plant but now more than 71 Power plants with collective capacity of approx 55 GW are planned m 3 /hr/MW approx 1500 MCM water will be required  Regional imbalances (measured in terms of ‘Backlog’) in the Vidarbha Region has increased from 38% in 1982 to 77% in  The plight of Farmers of Vidarbha are known to everyone

 Power plants are coming up in clusters where coal, water and land costs are available. As per Greenpeace Report, the clusters are: Sonbhadra and Allahabad districts in Utter Pradesh Sidhi, Singrauli and Rewa districts in Madhyapradesh Korba, Raiharh and Janjgir-Champa, Ambikapur districts in Chhattisgarh Angul, Sundergarh, Dhenkanal districts in Odisha Riagad and Ratnagiri in districts of Maharashtra Kutch, Mundra district in Gujarat Nellore district in andhar Pradesh Cuddalore and Nagapattinam districts in Tamilnadu Cluster development puts stress on water resources Cluster Development puts stress on water resources of the Region

 An initiative of Ministry of Power, Government of India have been often identifies as:  Large sized Thermal Power Projects based on Super Critical Technology using domestic coal or imported coal having capacity 4000 MW  PFC has been appointed as the ‘Nodal Agency’ for carrying out the pre-liminary developmental activities and for carrying out Tariff based International Competitive bidding for selection of developer for development of UMPP.

 PFC for each UMPP, incorporates an SPV (wholly owned subsidiary) and will undertake preliminary studies and obtain necessary clearances and tie-ups including water, land and power selling arrangements (based on single seller multiple Procurer model) prior to award of project to successful bidders by way of selection of developers through tariff based ICB.  PFC Consulting Limited (A Wholly Owned subsidiary of PFC Ltd) is carrying out the activities of UMPP on behalf of PFC.

 Deoghar UMPP requires 106 MCM consumptive water m 3 /hr per MW)  Water Resource Deptt, Government of Jharkhand has allocated water from Ajay River Basin  Ajay River is not perennial in nature and water is available only for four months in a year  Hydro-structures will be required for availability of water through out the year  SEIA of Hydro-structures revealslarge scale submergence  To minimize water consumption Air Cooled Condenser Technology may be adopted

 Water consumption reduced up to 80%, accordingly the water requirement for Deoghar UMPP is 40 MCM and if FGD has to be installed another 15 MCM required  Capital cost escalates by approx. 10% per MW  Unit output lowers by about 7% & auxiliary consumption increases from 6.5% to 6.8% employing mechanical draft fans for colling  Heat Rate increases by 7% i.e. thermal efficiency reduced from 38% to 35.5% (for 500 MW Unit size)  Specific coal consumption increases by about 7%  As per CERC Tariff Regulation , tariff increases by about Rs /KWh located at Load Centre and Rs for plant located at Pit-head.

 To minimize the water consumption Air Cooled Technology may be adopted  Replace old plants with Supercritical Technology  Optimize the development of Coal fired Thermal Power Plants in Geographical clusters  Promote the development of coal fired Thermal Power Plants in Coastal areas  Cost of water development & usage to be determined upfront during the allocation of water by the concerned State Government

Thank You

In a survey conducted by Columbia Water Centre:  43% industries located in regions experiencing periodic multiyear drought  21% companies located in regions where demand exceeds the supply  60% respondents agrees that availability of water impacting the business  87% respondents feels that limitations in water will affect the business within the next decade

m 3 /hr per MW, water requirement for UMPP is approx. 106 MCM  For Water purpose only two UMPPs i.e. Odisha and Deoghar UMPP has been discussed  for Odisha UMPP, water has been drawn from Hirakund Reservoir  For Deoghar UMPP Water has been drawn from Ajay River Basin

 Vidarbha: At a Glance Accounts for 20.5% of the population 31.5% of area of Maharashtra Approx 58% of the region is cultivable, which is about quarter of the total cultivable land of Maharashtra Produces largest amount of rice but low productivity due to poor irrigation facilities Only Wainganga sub-basins are considered to have surplus water. Thus irrigation is mostly dependent on 11 major dams and 58 medium dams in Vidarbha. Significantly, all of the state’s coal reserves are in Vidarbha.

 Multiplicity of authorities/ministries with different mandates which are often vaguely defined and overlapping  Ministry of Water Resource (MoWR) is the Principle agency responsible but water pollution does not fall under its purview, nor does the industrial use of water  Ministry of Industry (MoI) is concerned with the planning and development of water resources for industrial use. It has no mandate to control or regulate water use by industries  Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) is meant to regulate the groundwater quality and quantity. Though they have mandate to do what they can with groundwater, they have so far only mapped the groundwater status. They have no mandate to charge for industrial groundwater use.

 CPCB and state pollution control boards (SPCBs) regulate industrial water pollution and charge water cess based on the amount of wastewater discharged by the companies, they have no mandate to control sourcing of water from various sources  As a Result, Water conservation and pollution control measures have not shown any significant success.  Think about some sort of Central Authority to take a holistic view for the usage and conservation of water without polluting it.