GENETIC ENGINEERING MURTAUGH 1A LIVING ENVIRONMENT

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING? WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING? WHAT IS CLONING AND HOW IS IT USED? WHAT ARE TECHNIQUES USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING? WHAT ETHICAL ISSUES ARISE WITH GENETIC ENGINEERING?

VOCABULARY GENETIC ENGINEERING: ANY TYPE OF DELIBERATE CHANGING TO AN ORGANISM’S GENETIC MATERIAL TO GET DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS WHEN THE WITH THE DESIRED ARE USED TO. SELECTIVE BREEDING: WHEN ONLY THE ANIMALS OR PLANTS WITH THE DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS ARE USED TO PRODUCE THE NEXT GENERATION. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: WHERE INDIVIDUALS WITH DESIRABLE TRAITS ARE MATED TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING WITH THOSE TRAITS. INBREEDING: IS THE CONTINUED BREEDING OF INDIVIDUALS WITH SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS TO MAINTAIN DESIRED TRAITS. VARIATION: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES.

VOCABULARY WHEN INDIVIDUALS WITH UNLIKE ARE CROSSED TO PRODUCE THE IN BOTH ORGANISMS. HYBRIDIZATION: WHEN TWO INDIVIDUALS WITH UNLIKE CHARACTERISTICS ARE CROSSED TO PRODUCE THE BEST IN BOTH ORGANISMS. GENE SPLICING: INVOLVES CUTTING OUT PART OF THE DNA IN A GENE AND ADDING NEW DNA IN ITS PLACE RESTRICTION ENZYMES: ARE ENZYMES THAT CUT A DNA MOLECULE AT A PARTICULAR PLACE. TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS: ORGANISMS THAT HAVE UNDERGONE HERITABLE GENETIC CHANGES BY TRANSFORMATION WITH FOREIGN DNA. INVOLVES PRODUCING A GROUP OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL OFFSPRING FROM THE CELLS OF AN ORGANISM. CLONING: INVOLVES PRODUCING A GROUP OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL OFFSPRING FROM THE CELLS OF AN ORGANISM.

WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING? IT IS THE DELIBERATE MANIPULATION OF AN ORGANISM’S GENETIC MATERIAL IN ORDER TO GET SPECIFIC PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE: INSULIN IS NEEDED BY DIABETICS. THE HUMAN GENE FOR INSULIN IS PLACED INTO A BACTERIA CELL. THE CELL IS TRICKED INTO MAKING HUMAN INSULIN. WHILE LABORATORIES DO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN PRESENT DAY GENETIC MANIPULATIONS, THEY ARE NOT THE ONLY ENVIRONMENT WHERE THESE CHANGES CAN TAKE PLACE.

TYPES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 1. 1.SELECTIVE BREEDING ARTIFICIAL SELECTION INBREEDING 2. 2.HYBRIDIZATION 3. 3.GENE SPLICING 4. 4.CLONING

SELECTIVE BREEDING THINK OF TWO DIFFERENT BREEDS OF DOGS. FOR EXAMPLE A CHIHUAHUA AND A GREAT DANE. THE DIFFERENCES ARE GREAT: SOMEONE THAT HAS NOT SEEN THEM BEFORE MIGHT THINK THEY ARE A DIFFERENT SPECIES. WHY ARE THEY SO DIFFERENT?

SELECTIVE BREEDING BECAUSE OF HUMANS USING A TECHNIQUE CALLED SELECTIVE BREEDING. BECAUSE OF HUMANS USING A TECHNIQUE CALLED SELECTIVE BREEDING. IS WHEN THE WITH THE DESIRED ARE USED TO. SELECTIVE BREEDING IS WHEN ONLY THE ANIMALS OR PLANTS WITH THE DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS ARE USED TO PRODUCE THE NEXT GENERATION. HUMANS USE SELECTIVE BREEDING ON TO THE OF ORGANISMS HUMANS USE SELECTIVE BREEDING TO PASS DESIRED TRAITS ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION OF ORGANISMS EXAMPLE: CHAMPION RACE HORSES, COWS WITH TENDER MEAT, LARGE ORANGES ON A TREE. EXAMPLE: CHAMPION RACE HORSES, COWS WITH TENDER MEAT, LARGE ORANGES ON A TREE.

SELECTIVE BREEDING (CONT) FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS NEW VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS HAVE RESULTED FROM SELECTIVE BREEDING FOR PARTICULAR TRAITS. SOME SELECTIVE BREEDING TECHNIQUES INCLUDE: a. a.ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: WHERE INDIVIDUALS WITH DESIRABLE TRAITS ARE MATED TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING WITH THOSE TRAITS. b. b.INBREEDING: IS THE CONTINUED BREEDING OF INDIVIDUALS WITH SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS TO MAINTAIN DESIRED TRAITS.

INBREEDING INBREEDING IS THE CONTINUED BREEDING OF INDIVIDUALS WITH SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS TO MAINTAIN DESIRED TRAITS. DOGS BREEDS ARE KEPT PURE THIS WAY. IT KEEPS EACH BREED UNIQUE FROM OTHERS. RISK: SINCE BOTH HAVE THE SAME GENES, THE CHANCE THAT A BABY WILL GET A RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDER IS HIGH.

INBREEDING INBREEDING DOES NOT PRODUCE RETARDED BABIES. RECESSIVE GENETIC DISORDERS CAN BE BLINDNESS, OR JOINT DEFORMITIES. VARIATION IS A TERM USED TO IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OF A SPECIES. FOR EXAMPLE: SOME HUMANS HAVE BLONDE HAIR AND SOME HAVE BROWN. THIS IS A VARIATION AMONG HUMANS. SOME FINCHES HAVE SHORT BEAKS, SOME HAVE LONG BEAKS.

VARIATIONS BREEDERS HAVE LEARNED TO INCREASE VARIATION BY PURPOSELY CREATING MUTATIONS IN THE DNA OF ANIMALS. THEY USE CHEMICALS AND RADIATION TO MAKE THE MUTATIONS BUT THEY CANNOT CONTROL WHAT MUTATIONS OCCUR AND MANY ARE HARMFUL TO THE ANIMAL. ON OCCASION, AS DESIRABLE TRAIT IS ACHIEVED IT WILL BE PASSED TO THE NEXT GENERATION.

HYBRIDIZATION IS WHEN INDIVIDUALS WITH UNLIKE ARE CROSSED TO PRODUCE THE IN BOTH ORGANISMS. HYBRIDIZATIONS IS WHEN TWO INDIVIDUALS WITH UNLIKE CHARACTERISTICS ARE CROSSED TO PRODUCE THE BEST IN BOTH ORGANISMS. REMEMBER CROSS HYBRIDIZATION WITH PEA PLANTS FROM. REMEMBER CROSS HYBRIDIZATION WITH PEA PLANTS FROM MENDEL. EXAMPLE: LUTHER BURBANK CREATED A DISEASE RESISTANT POTATO CALLED THE BURBANK POTATO. EXAMPLE: LUTHER BURBANK CREATED A DISEASE RESISTANT POTATO CALLED THE BURBANK POTATO. HE A DISEASE RESISTANT PLANT WITH ONE THAT HAD A LARGE FOOD PRODUCING CAPACITY. HE CROSSED A DISEASE RESISTANT PLANT WITH ONE THAT HAD A LARGE FOOD PRODUCING CAPACITY. RESULT: PLANT THAT MAKES OF POTATOES. RESULT: DISEASE RESISTANT PLANT THAT MAKES A LOT OF POTATOES.

HOW DO SCIENTISTS MANIPULATE DNA? SCIENTISTS USE THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DNA TO STUDY IT AND CHANGE IT. SCIENTISTS USE THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DNA TO STUDY IT AND CHANGE IT.

HOW DO SCIENTISTS MANIPULATE DNA? GEL ELECTROPHORSIS 1. DNA IS FROM THE CELL OF AN ORGANISM 1. DNA IS REMOVED FROM THE CELL OF AN ORGANISM 2. DNA IS USING TO IDENTIFY THE BASES. 2. DNA IS CUT USING RESTRICTION ENZYMES TO IDENTIFY THE BASES. 3. THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES, EACH CUTS THE DNA AT A STARTING PLACE BASED IN THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE. 3. THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES, EACH CUTS THE DNA AT A DIFFERENT STARTING PLACE BASED IN THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE.

4. DNA FRAGMENTS ARE SEPARATED BY. 4. DNA FRAGMENTS ARE SEPARATED BY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS. 5. POSITIVE CHARGED DNA TO NEGATIVE POLES AND NEGATIVE DNA MOVES TO POSITIVE POLES. FRAGMENTS MOVE, MOVE. 5. POSITIVE CHARGED DNA MOVES TO NEGATIVE POLES AND NEGATIVE DNA MOVES TO POSITIVE POLES. SMALLER FRAGMENTS MOVE FASTER, LARGER MOVE SLOWER. 6. THIS IS ALSO HOW DNA IS (EX AT CRIME SCENES) 6. THIS IS ALSO HOW DNA IS COMPARED (EX AT CRIME SCENES) 7. THENCOPIES OF FRAGMENTS ARE MADE BY SCIENTIST. 7. THEN, UNLIMITED COPIES OF FRAGMENTS ARE MADE BY SCIENTIST. NOVA: WHO DONE IT LAB ALYZE.HTML ALYZE.HTML

GENE SPLICING GENETIC ENGINEERING IS MAKING IN THE DNA CODE OF A LIVING ORGANISM. GENETIC ENGINEERING IS MAKING CHANGES IN THE DNA CODE OF A LIVING ORGANISM. GENE SPLICING INVOLVES CUTTING OUT PART OF THE DNA IN A GENE AND ADDING NEW DNA IN ITS PLACE. GENETIC ENGINEERING HAS GIVEN RISE TO A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD CALLED (TECHNOLOGY OF LIFE). GENETIC ENGINEERING HAS GIVEN RISE TO A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD CALLED BIOTECHNOLOGY (TECHNOLOGY OF LIFE). THE ORGANISMS THAT HAVE DNA TRANSFERRED TO THEM ARE CALLED TRANSGENIC. THE ORGANISMS THAT HAVE DNA TRANSFERRED TO THEM ARE CALLED TRANSGENIC. (TRANS: MEANS, GENIC: REFERS TO ) (TRANS: MEANS DIFFERENT, GENIC: REFERS TO GENES)

GENE SPLICING

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS TRANSGENIC BACTERIA: GENE INSERTED INTO BACTERIA SO THEY PRODUCE THINGS HUMANS NEED. FOR EXAMPLE: INSULIN AND CLOTTING FACTORS IN BLOOD ARE NOW MADE BY BACTERIA. TRANSGENIC BACTERIA: GENE INSERTED INTO BACTERIA SO THEY PRODUCE THINGS HUMANS NEED. FOR EXAMPLE: INSULIN AND CLOTTING FACTORS IN BLOOD ARE NOW MADE BY BACTERIA. ARE I INTO THE BACTERIA WHICH TELL IT WHAT TO MAKE. HUMAN GENES ARE INSERTED INTO THE BACTERIA WHICH TELL IT WHAT TO MAKE. BACTERIA DNA IS CALLED A PLASMID. IT IS SIMPLE AND CIRCULAR. A RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS THE DNA. ANOTHER GENE IS INSERTED AND BECOMES PART OF THE BACTERIA DNA.

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS (CONT.) TRANSGENIC ANIMALS: GENES INSERTED INTO ANIMALS SO THEY PRODUCE WHAT HUMANS NEED. A WAY TO IMPROVE THE FOOD SUPPLY: LIVESTOCK GIVEN GENES THAT MAKE THEM GROW FASTER OR RESIST BACTERIA THAT CAUSE INFECTIONS. MICE ARE GIVEN HUMAN GENES THAT MAKE THEIR IMMUNE SYSTEM WORK LIKE OURS. THEY CAN NOW BE USED FOR RESEARCHING THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS (CONT.) TRANSGENIC PLANTS: PLANTS ARE GIVEN GENES THAT MAKE THEM PRODUCE A NATURAL PESTICIDE. NOW THEY DON’T HAVE TO BE SPRAYED WITH CANCER CAUSING PESTICIDES. 25% OF ALL CORN IS LIKE THIS. IT CALLED GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM OR GMO.

CLONING A CLONE IS A GROUP OF CELLS OR ORGANISMS THAT ARE AS A RESULT OF REPRODUCTION (TAKING ONE CELL AND MAKING COPIES OF IT). THE ORGANISM WILL HAVE THE SAME AS THE. A CLONE IS A GROUP OF CELLS OR ORGANISMS THAT ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL AS A RESULT OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (TAKING ONE CELL AND MAKING COPIES OF IT). THE ORGANISM WILL HAVE THE SAME EXACT DNA AS THE PARENT. INVOLVES PRODUCING A GROUP OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL OFFSPRING FROM THE CELLS OF AN ORGANISM. CLONING INVOLVES PRODUCING A GROUP OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL OFFSPRING FROM THE CELLS OF AN ORGANISM.

CLONING

1. 1.A SINGLE CELL IS REMOVED FROM A PARENT ORGANISM AN ENTIRE INDIVIDUAL IS GROWN FROM THAT CELL REMEMBER ONE CELL HAS ALL THE DNA IT NEEDS TO MAKE AN ENTIRE ORGANISM EACH CELL IN THE BODY HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT CELLS VARY BECAUSE DIFFERENT GENES ARE TURNED ON IN EACH CELL.

CLONING CONT. PLANTS AND ANIMALS WITH DESIRABLE QUALITIES CAN BE RAPIDLY PRODUCED FROM THE CELLS OF A SINGLE ORGANISM. PLANTS AND ANIMALS WITH DESIRABLE QUALITIES CAN BE RAPIDLY PRODUCED FROM THE CELLS OF A SINGLE ORGANISM. EXAMPLE: THE LARGEST AND SWEETEST FRUIT IS CLONED SO THAT THERE IS ENOUGH FOR EVERYONE. EXAMPLE: THE LARGEST AND SWEETEST FRUIT IS CLONED SO THAT THERE IS ENOUGH FOR EVERYONE. CLICK AND CLONE LAB ANDCLONE/ ANDCLONE/ ANDCLONE/ ANDCLONE/

DOLLY WAS THE FIRST ANIMAL CLONED. DOLLY WAS THE FIRST ANIMAL CLONED. SHE HAD THE SAME EXACT DNA AS HER MOTHER AND HAD FATHER. SHE HAD THE SAME EXACT DNA AS HER MOTHER AND HAD NO FATHER. CLONING IS A FORM OF REPRODUCTION. CLONING IS A FORM OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION. SINCE DOLLY, AND OTHER ORGANISMS HAVE BEEN CLONED. SINCE DOLLY, CATS AND OTHER ORGANISMS HAVE BEEN CLONED. THE CAT THAT WAS CLONED HAD THE SAME EXACT DNA BUT FUR THAN THE MOTHER. THE CAT THAT WAS CLONED HAD THE SAME EXACT DNA BUT DIFFERENT COLOR FUR THAN THE MOTHER. HOW CAN THIS BE? HOW CAN THIS BE? E PLAYS A HUGE PART IN THE WAY ORGANISMS DEVELOP. ENVIRONMENT PLAYS A HUGE PART IN THE WAY ORGANISMS DEVELOP.

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