Unification Italy and Germany

Nationalism ► Nationalism - Loyalty to a nation rather than to its ruler  Peoples’ national identity  People share common language, religion, & culture

Nationalism ► 1848 Revolutions - poor and working-class people revolt all over Europe  (except England / Russia)  Revolutions are unsuccessful, but fuel Nationalism

Italy

Italy ► Pre-unification:  Northern Italy ruled by Austria  Southern Italy ruled by Spanish kings

Italy ► Count Camillo di Cavour - Prime Minister of Piedmont (part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, under King Victor Emmanuel II)

Italy  Allies with France to drive Austrians out of Northern Italy  Funds Garibaldi's rebels in Southern Italy  Threatens the stability of the papal states in central Italy

Count Cavour

Italy ► Giuseppe Garibaldi - led Italian nationalist army called “Red Shirts”  Captures Sicily and unites Southern Italy  Adds land he conquers to Sardinia

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italy ► Joint Italian army conquers Papal States (last to be added)  Rome becomes capital (1871)  Church keeps Vatican City

Italy ► Italy is unified and Rome becomes its official capital in ► Victor Emmanuel II is the first official king of all of Italy.

Italy ► Problems after unification:  Different ways of life ► Northern Italy – Industrial ► Southern Italy – Agricultural  Different dialects of Italian  Economic problems

Germany

Germany

Germany ► Pre - Unification:  German Confederation dominated by Prussia under Kaiser Wilhelm I  Prussia - all German, strong army, industrialized

Germany ► Otto von Bismarck - Prime Minister of Prussia  “Realpolitik” – Bismarck’s philosophy that politics should exist without ideology  “Blood and Iron“ – Bismark would not hesitate to use war to unite Germany and make it more powerful

Otto von Bismarck

Steps of German Unification 1. Austro-Prussian War  Prussia takes territory from Austria and unifies Northern Germany

Germany

Steps of German Unification 2. Franco-Prussian War (1870 – 1871)  Bismarck faked a telegram between Wilhelm and Napoleon III of France to start a war  German kingdoms unite against France

Germany  Prussian army lays siege to Paris and defeated the French  Treaty of Frankfurt ended the war.

Germany  The French were forced to give up the disputed territory of Alsace – Lorraine (had large amounts of coal and iron ore) and pay a large penalty to the Germans  After the war, the German Empire is officially declared ► Bismarck – Chancellor of Germany

Otto von Bismarck

Effects of Unification ► With Italy and Germany’s rise to power, Europe’s “Balance of Power” is destroyed ► Both countries turned their attention to expanding empires in Asia and Africa