Week 4 Day 1

Week 1 Chapter 22 Electrical System Answer questions 1 and 3 – 9

Week 2 Chapter 26 Aviation Bands and Freqs Answer questions 4 – 7 Week 2 Chapter 26 Aviation Bands and Freqs Answer questions 4 – 7. Chapter 25 Wiring the Airplane No questions for now Chapter 3 VHF Comm Answer questions 1 – 8

Week 3 Chapter 4 HF Com Answer all the questions. Chapter 5: Satcom Answer questions 1 – 8. Chapter 6 ACARS Answer questions 1-5 and 7.

Week 4 Chapter 7 SelCal Answer all the questions. Chapter 8 ELT Answer all the questions. Chapter 9 VOR Answer 1-2, 4-6, 9, 11

Basic “T” quiz

Beech 1900 panel #1

Week 3 Week 4

Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System

ACARS System Satellite or VHF Com Digital Messages A form of Datalink Textbook page 42

PM Pulse Modulation Carrier Wave Modulation Signal Modulation of Carrier Wave Transmission

Pulse Modulation Digital

Hand tools

Lean and 5S Sort Systemize (Set in order) Shine (Sweep) Standardize Sustain Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5S_Tools_drawer.jpg and licenced under Creative Commons. Downloaded 05/30/14. Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5S_(methodology) downloaded 05/30/14. The 5 S's There are five primary 5S phases: They are translated from the Japanese as Sort, Systematize, Sweep, Standardize and Self-Discipline 1. Seiri <Sort> Remove unnecessary items and dispose them properly Make work easy by eliminating obstacles Provide no chance of being disturbed with unnecessary items Prevent accumulation of unnecessary items 2. Seiton <Systematize> Arrange necessary items in good order so that they can be easily picked for use Prevent loss and waste of time Easy to find and pick up necessary items Ensure first-come-first-serve basis Make work flow smooth and easy Can also be translated as "set in order". 3. Seiso <Shine> Clean your work place completely Easy to check abnormality Prevent machinery and equipment deterioration Keep workplace safe and easy to work Can also be translated as "sweep". 4. Seiketsu <Standardize> Maintain high standards of housekeeping and workplace organization at all times Maintain cleanliness and orderliness 5. Shitsuke <Self-Discipline> Do things spontaneously without being told or ordered Standardize good practice Additional S Three other phases are sometimes included: safety, security, and satisfaction. This is however not a traditional set of "phases". Safety for example is inherent in the 5S methodology and is not a step in itself. Therefore the additions of the phases are simply to clarify the benefits of 5S and not a different or more inclusive methodology. Safety A sixth phase, "Safety", is sometimes added. There is debate over whether including this sixth "S" promotes safety by stating this value explicitly, or if a comprehensive safety program is undermined when it is relegated to a single item in an efficiency-focused business methodology. Security A seventh phase, "Security", can also be added. To leverage security as an investment rather than an expense, the seventh "S" identifies and addresses risks to key business categories including fixed assets (PP&E), material, human capital, brand equity, intellectual property, information technology, assets-in-transit and the extended supply chain. Techniques adapted from those detailed in Total Security Management (TSM) or the business practice of developing and implementing comprehensive risk management and security practices for a firm’s entire value chain.

Quiz to follow.

Abbreviation FAA FCC DC AC APU Hz CPS AWG Federal Aviation Administration Federal Communications Commission Direct Current Alternating Current Auxiliary Power Unit Hertz Cycles Per Second American Wire Gauge

Abbreviation Quiz ASI VSI HF VHF “E” or”V” “R” or “Ω” TX RX AM FM SSB Air Speed Indicator Vertical Speed Indicator High Frequency Very High Frequency Voltage Resistance Transmit / Transmitter Receive / Receiver Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Single Sideband

Selcal Selective Calling Chapter 7 Selcal Selective Calling

SELCAL System The SELCAL system operates through the aircraft com radios. Each aircraft has a code that SELects that particular aircraft to be CALled. Some codes are assigned to more than one aircraft. To deal with the problem of code shortage, every attempt is made to assign the same code to aircraft on opposite sides of the world. On HF, different HF channels are assigned to aircraft using the same code. SELCAL will eventually be provided through Satcom.

SELCAL Ground Network SELCAL messages are sent through an ARINC control station. ARINC relays the message to the airline company, usually through phone lines. SELCAL overwater uses HF instead of VHF.

SELCAL Control Panel Light Light Reset Button When being called, a chime will sound and a light will light, letting the crew know they are being paged. The crew will then turn up the volume on their com radio (either HF or VHF) so they can respond to the call. Pressing the RESET button arms the system for the next call.

SELCAL Decoder This is a SELCAL “black box” . Textbook page 46 This is a SELCAL “black box” . A 4-letter code is assigned each aircraft which is entered on the face of the SELCAL decoder, by thumbwheels. Some aircraft have 2 decoders: One for HF and one for VHF, for up to 4 radios (2 for each band).

SELCAL Block Diagram Textbook page 48

How a SELCAL Code is Generated Textbook page 47 Code consists of 4 tones from the 16 audio frequencies shown on the left. They are sent in 2 pairs: “A” & “B” are mixed together (312.6 & 346.7 HZ) and transmitted for 1 second. Then, after a .2 second interval, “C” & “D” (384.6 & 426.6 HZ), is transmitted for 1 second.

How a SELCAL Code is Generated Textbook page 47

http://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ICAO_Selcal SelCal Dual tones

ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter Chapter 8

ELT Textbook page 55

New, Improved ELT ELT is monitored by satellites, and signals are sent to ground stations. The satellites measure the “Doppler shift” in the signal to locate the beacon (accurate to within 1-3 miles). GPS is being introduced, and it’s even more accurate than the “Doppler shift” method (accurate to within 300 feet). 2 countries’ satellites monitor ELT: SARSAT, operated by NOAA (US) and COSPAS by Russia. Textbook page 51

Doppler Shift https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3RfULw7aAY

Cospas-Sarsat System There are 2 types of satellites in the Cospas-Sarsat System: LEO & GEO. LEO (Low Earth Orbit), moves quickly across the sky and circle over the poles however will not pick up distress calls if they aren’t in the line-of-sight. GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) are “stationary” above the earth at the equator.

Cospas-Sarsat Diagram Textbook page 55

406 ELT Registration In order to prevent false alarms, each 406 MHZ ELT must be registered. The data collected is: Aircraft Type, Ownership, Telephone Number, Home Base, etc. This data allows for confirmation of the distress call.

ELT for Fleet Operators Fleet Operators (such as airlines) need to be able to move the ELT components between aircraft. Therefore, they would need a way to reprogram the tail number code. The “dongle” solves this problem. The “dongle” is a hardware key that automatically reprograms the code, it remains with the aircraft and the ELT is removed if needed elsewhere.

406 MHZ ELT Block Diagram Textbook page 53 The Programming Module (lower left) sets up the 406 ELT for it’s 24 bit code (the aircraft’s tail number). The horn at the top center sounds to warn the crew of a false activation. The remote switch controls the ELT from the flight deck. At the bottom center, a ARINC 429 connections bring a signal from the airplane’s navigation system into the ELT for accurate location of a downed airplane. At the upper right, the single antenna transmits a signal on the 3 ELT frequencies (121.5, 243 & 406 MHZ). Textbook page 53

VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range [Very High Frequency] Navigation Nav Chapter 9 VOR VHF Omnidirectional Range [Very High Frequency]

VOR A VOR is a radio beacon that transmits a signal that represents the 360º of the compass.

Above is a VORTAC station. VORTAC stands for VOR + TACAN. VOR Ground Station Above is a VORTAC station. VORTAC stands for VOR + TACAN. TACAN Stands for Tactical Air Navigation. It includes Distance Measuring Equipment.

VOR Service Coverage VOR broadcasts from 108.000-117.950 MHZ. There are 3 types of VOR stations Terminal Low Altitude High Altitude

AFD Airport / Facility Directory

VOR Phases The VOR signal is comprised of a Reference Phase and a Variable Phase. The Reference Phase is broadcast in all directions. The Variable Phase is a rotating beam. The difference of phase between the Reference Phase and the Variable Phase is used by the VOR receiver in the airplane to calculate the bearing from the station. Textbook page 59

VOR Signal Structure Maximum to minimum. FM AM Textbook page 60 The VOR receiver compares the 2 phases to determine the bearing to the station. In this example, the reference phase is 0° (or 360°). The airplane is south of the station and the VOR receiver receives a phase signal of 180°. The reference signal always goes through its 0° phase at the instant the variable signal rotates through magnetic north. The VOR transmits 2 additional signals: One is audio in Morse Code for station identification on 1020 HZ. The other is voice, that announces the station ID.

VOR 2 Signals The signal is at max strength when the rotating beam is pointed directly at the airplane shown by the blue arrow. The receiver compares the 2 signals by measuring the phase of each signal. Textbook page 61

VOR Navigation Textbook page 63

The VOR course is selected by turning the OBS (Omni Bearing Selector) knob to the desired course. The Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) displays steering commands.

Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) The RMI displays both VOR and ADF (automatic direction finder) information. The compass card is slaved to the compass system. Textbook page 64

Quiz

Schematics

Block Diagrams A block diagram is used as an aid for troubleshooting complex electrical and electronic systems. A block diagram consists of individual blocks that represent several components, such as a printed circuit board or some other type of replaceable module.

Pictorial Diagrams In a pictorial diagram, pictures of components are used instead of the conventional electrical symbols found in schematic diagrams. A pictorial diagram helps the maintenance technician visualize the operation of a system.

Schematic Diagrams A schematic diagram is used to illustrate a principle of operation, and therefore does not show parts as they actually appear or function.

Network Topology

Data Bus

Through Hole

SMT Surface Mount Technology

End of Week 4 Day 1