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2 Types of Educational Research Can be organized by: (1) practicality (2) methodology employed, or (3) type of research question »Research categorized by USEFULNESS : ◊Basic research—theory-based ◊Applied research—conduct to solve immediate problems »Research categorized by TRADITION : ◊Qualitative vs. quantitative research—address specific type of data generated Also, mixed-methods research ◊Experimental vs. nonexperimental research— describing cause-effect relationships or describing current status, respectively ◊Studies classified using one of each pairs of descriptors Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon

3 Research categorized by Traditional method utilized: ◊Ethnographic—explains social behavior; nonexperimental; qualitative ◊Historical—explores conditions, events of the past; nonexperimental; qualitative/quantitative/both ◊Survey—describes characteristics of a population; nonexperimental; qualitative/quantitative/both ◊Correlational—explores degree of relationship between two or more variables; nonexperimental; quantitative ◊Causal-comparative—examines influence of pre-existing condition (IV) on an outcome variable (DV); nonexperimental; quantitative ◊Experimental—examines effect of a cause (IV, through manipulation) on an effect (DV); experimental; quantitative Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon

4 ◊Action—to improve conditions in a particular setting without generalizing; experimental/nonexperimental; qualitative/quantitative/both ◊Evaluation—conducted to make judgments about programs, etc.; experimental/nonexperimental; qualitative/quantitative/both Research categorized by PRACTICALITY: Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon

5 ◊Mixed Methods (Experimental & Nonexperimental) ◊Practicality of Research ◊Action ◊Evaluation Traditions & Methods of Research Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon QualitativeQuantitative ◊Ethnography ◊Narrative ◊Historical ◊Grounded Theory ◊Phenomenology ◊Case Study ◊Survey ◊Causal- comparitive ◊Correlational ◊Experimental/qua si-experimental ◊Single Subject

6 Sources of Research Data Data—information collected on people, settings, objects, etc. » Primary sources —firsthand information; accurate » Secondary sources —interpretations of primary data; subject to error » Meta-analytical data —analysis of several existing studies Specific sources of data: »Participants »Procedures »Settings »Objects »Records »Documents »Informants Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon

7 Procedures Used in Collecting Data Verbal description Notation Recording Analysis Questioning Surveys Interviews Testing Measurement Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon

8 Qualities Required in Research Data Authenticity and believability—informal, unstructured assessments » External criticism —determining whether or not data comes from legitimate sources (authentic); purely judgmental » Internal criticism —examination of data accuracy and lack of bias (believable) » Member checking » Triangulation Validity and reliability—formal, structured assessments » Validity - determining whether or not data deal directly with topic » Reliability —determining whether or not data are consistent Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon

9 Participants, Samples, & Populations Data is collected from Participants who are members of Samples in order to learn about Populations Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon

10 Applying Technology… Dr. William Trochim's Research Methods Knowledge Base electronic textbook ( Copyright © 2011 Pearson Allyn & Bacon