Grammar Log #2 Cornell Notes Out!

The Verb & Verb Phrase / The verb is an action or linking word / The “Verb Phrase” (VP) indicates ALL of the words in the predicate phrase that act as the action / The verb is an action or linking word / The “Verb Phrase” (VP) indicates ALL of the words in the predicate phrase that act as the action

The Verb Phrase / The “lexical” verb is the main action word / The “auxiliaries” are the helper verbs like: / Be, Have, Do, Can, Must, etc. / Example: Must have been sleeping / The “lexical” verb is the main action word / The “auxiliaries” are the helper verbs like: / Be, Have, Do, Can, Must, etc. / Example: Must have been sleeping

To “Be” or Not to “Be” The “Be” form Verb! / The “Be” form verb is the MOST important “auxiliary” verb in English / It is also the most “irregular” / “Be” Form-> be, am, are, is, was, were, being, and been / The “Be” form verb is the MOST important “auxiliary” verb in English / It is also the most “irregular” / “Be” Form-> be, am, are, is, was, were, being, and been

To “Be” or Not to “Be” The “Be” form Verb! / The principal use of the “be” auxiliary is as a tense, person, and number carrier for the progressive aspect. / The Progressive aspect->indicates an “on-going” action by coupling a present participle with the “be” form verb before it. / The principal use of the “be” auxiliary is as a tense, person, and number carrier for the progressive aspect. / The Progressive aspect->indicates an “on-going” action by coupling a present participle with the “be” form verb before it.

Stop! Stop! Stop! Tense? Person? Aspect? Part-a-What-ple? Tense->shows an event as being “past” or “present” in English / Past tense inflection “-ed” is used for “weak” verbs / Present tense inflection “-ing” / “-ed” and “-ing” ending words are called Participles. Tense->shows an event as being “past” or “present” in English / Past tense inflection “-ed” is used for “weak” verbs / Present tense inflection “-ing” / “-ed” and “-ing” ending words are called Participles.

What’s Person? / Person->is a property of verbs and pronouns that indicates whether the Noun Phrase Subject (in the case of verbs), or the antecedent (in the case of pronouns) is speaker or writer (1st person), the addressee (2nd person), or the entity spoken about (3rd person).

What’s Person?

Number? / Number is a property of verbs, nouns, and pronouns that indicates whether an entity is singular/plural. / Present Past / Am, Are Was, Were / Number is a property of verbs, nouns, and pronouns that indicates whether an entity is singular/plural. / Present Past / Am, Are Was, Were

Number? / This is essential to avoid agreement problems with your subject and verb Correct Incorrect / Joe is bored. Joe are bored / Who are you? Who is you? / This is essential to avoid agreement problems with your subject and verb Correct Incorrect / Joe is bored. Joe are bored / Who are you? Who is you?

Aspect? / Aspect just means: “tense” / Aspect applies to the “English Progressive Form” aka… / Participles…”-ing” for Present and “-ed” for past. / Aspect just means: “tense” / Aspect applies to the “English Progressive Form” aka… / Participles…”-ing” for Present and “-ed” for past.

Aspect?

Adverbs

Verb Particles

/ Johnny called up his girlfriend. / free noun phrase / Johnny called up his girlfriend. / Verb Particle / JUMP VERB PARTICLE! JUMP! JUMP AROUND THAT FREE NOUN PHRASE! / Johnny called up his girlfriend. / free noun phrase / Johnny called up his girlfriend. / Verb Particle / JUMP VERB PARTICLE! JUMP! JUMP AROUND THAT FREE NOUN PHRASE!

Verb Particles / Johnny called up his girlfriend. / Johnny called his girlfriend up. / Okay, let’s use a phrase structure tree to see how it falls into place! / YAY!!! / Johnny called up his girlfriend. / Johnny called his girlfriend up. / Okay, let’s use a phrase structure tree to see how it falls into place! / YAY!!!

Verb Particles / S (sentence) / NP (Noun Phrase Subject) PredP. (Predicate Phrase) / N (noun) VP (verb phrase) NP (noun phrase) / V (verb) Vprt (verb particle) D (determiner) N (noun) / Johnny called up his girlfriend. / Notice the verb particle after the verb. Notice the “Free” NP. / S (sentence) / NP (Noun Phrase Subject) PredP. (Predicate Phrase) / N (noun) VP (verb phrase) NP (noun phrase) / V (verb) Vprt (verb particle) D (determiner) N (noun) / Johnny called up his girlfriend. / Notice the verb particle after the verb. Notice the “Free” NP.

Verb Particles / S / NP PredP / N VP NP VPrt / / V D N / Johnny called his girlfriend up. / JUMP! VERB PARTICLE! JUMP OVER THAT FREE NOUN PHRASE!!! / S / NP PredP / N VP NP VPrt / / V D N / Johnny called his girlfriend up. / JUMP! VERB PARTICLE! JUMP OVER THAT FREE NOUN PHRASE!!!

Let’s Review / Verbs are action words. Lexical just means from the lexicon. There 650,000 words in the English Lexicon. / Auxiliary Verbs are helpers. / Be form Verbs are the most important helpers. / Tense and Aspect mean the same thing…they show “past” and “present” tense…Using “participles” that are “inflected” with an “-ing” and “-ed” ending. / Verbs are action words. Lexical just means from the lexicon. There 650,000 words in the English Lexicon. / Auxiliary Verbs are helpers. / Be form Verbs are the most important helpers. / Tense and Aspect mean the same thing…they show “past” and “present” tense…Using “participles” that are “inflected” with an “-ing” and “-ed” ending.

Let’s Review / Adverbs-> describe verbs / Verb Particles->ALWAYS follow the verb, and can ONLY jump over a “FREE NOUN PHRASE” / JUMP VERB PARTICLE! JUMP! / Adverbs-> describe verbs / Verb Particles->ALWAYS follow the verb, and can ONLY jump over a “FREE NOUN PHRASE” / JUMP VERB PARTICLE! JUMP!

Let’s Review / Person->shows how the writer is speaking. / For Pronouns: 1st->I…2nd->you…3rd…they / For verbs:1st->is…2nd->are…3rd…are / Number->shows if an entity (noun/pronoun) is singular or plural. To have “Subject- Verb” agreement, you need to use the right verb! / Joe is bored. They are bored. / Person->shows how the writer is speaking. / For Pronouns: 1st->I…2nd->you…3rd…they / For verbs:1st->is…2nd->are…3rd…are / Number->shows if an entity (noun/pronoun) is singular or plural. To have “Subject- Verb” agreement, you need to use the right verb! / Joe is bored. They are bored.