Life is Cellular

Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1600’s  One of the first people to use a microscope to study organism in pond water  Made detailed drawings of the organisms

 Uses 1 st light microscope to look at thin slices of plant tissue(cork)  Notices it was made of thousands of tiny chambers  Called them “Cells”  Cells- basic units of all forms of life

 All plants are made of cells Rudolf Virchow – 1839  All animals are made of cells  Summarized his research by saying “Where a cell exist, there must have been a preexisting cell”

 All living things are composed of cells  Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things  New cells are produced from existing cells

 Despite differences in sizes and shapes, certain structures are common to most cells  All cells have a cell membrane and a cytoplasm

 A thin, flexible barrier around the cell  Support, Protection, Interaction with environment

 All the material inside the cell membrane except the nucleus  Contains many different structures known as organelles

 A large structure that contains the cells genetic material and controls the cells activities

 A stronger, less flexible layer around the perimeter of the cell  Found in plants  Support, Protection, Interaction with environment

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES  Cell Membranes  Cytoplasm  No Nucleus  Bacteria are example  Grow, Reproduce, Respond to Environment  Cell Membranes/Walls  Cytoplasm  Nucleus  Organelles- perform important cellular functions  Some are single celled, some are multicellular  Plants, animals, fungi are examples

Cell Wall  Found in plants, fungi, and nearly all Eukaryotes  Not found in animal cell  Lies outside the cell membrane  Allow H2O, O2, CO2, and other substances to pass through them  Main function is to provide support and protection for the cell  Made from fibers of carbohydrates and protein  Produced in the cell and released at the surface to build wall  Plant cell walls are made mostly of cellulose  Tough carbohydrate fiber  Primary component of wood and paper

 Controls cell processes and contains hereditary information in the form of DNA  All plant and animals cell contain nucleus  Contains nearly all of the cells DNA (except Mitochondrial DNA)  Coded instructions for making proteins  Main function of the cell

 Is the granular material visible within the nucleus  Consist of DNA bound to proteins  Spaghetti on a plate

 Are the condensed form of chromatin  Distinct, threadlike structures containing genetic info that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next

 Small dense region of nucleus where ribosome assembly begins  Ribosomes aid in production of protein in the cell

 Double membrane layer around the nucleus  Covered with pores that allow substances to pass into and out of the nucleus  RNA and other info carrying molecules pass through these pores

 Network of protein filaments, maintains cell shape, involved in cell movement, made up of microtubules and microfilaments

 Hollow tubes of protein  Maintain shape  Act as tracks for organelle movement inside the cell  Help separate chromosomes in cell division, formation of centrioles in animal cells  Bundles of microtubules in some cells form cilia and flagella to provide cellular movement

 Long, thin fibers that function in movement and support of cell  Much narrower than microtubules  Extensive networks in cells  Tough, flexible support  Movement of organelles  Motor proteins attach to organelles and generate force to move organelles along the cytoskeleton

Ribosomes  Produce proteins  Small particles of RNA and proteins assembled in the nucleus

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ROUGH ER LIPID SYNTHESIS IN SMOOTH ER  Called “Rough” because of ribosome's attached to the surface  Called “ Smooth” because of lack of ribosome's on the surface

 Enzymes attach lipids and carbohydrates to proteins here  Proteins move here from ER  Proteins are sent to their final destinations from here

 Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food particles to be used by the rest of the cell  Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness  Remove debris from cell

 Store materials (water, carbs, proteins)  Sac-like structures  Plant cells have 1 central large vacuole filled with liquid to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers  Sometimes called vesicles

Found mostly in plants Use sunlight to make energy rich food molecules in a process known as photosynthesis Bound by 2 photosynthetic membranes that contain Chlorophyll (a green pigment in plants)

 Release stored energy from food particles in the cell  Powerhouse of the cell  Use energy from food to make high energy compounds that the cell can use to power growth, development, and movement  Has 2 membranes (Inner membrane is folded)  Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells

 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain their own DNA that is essential for their normal function and growth

 Suggest that these organelles are descendants of ancient prokaryotes  They formed relationships with eukaryotic cells that benefited them both  Over time, the nuclear DNA took over cell function and the organelle DNA became a remnant of their ancestors  In humans, we only inherit our mitochondria from our mothers!

Click on the House The Cell as a Factory Read Page 182 See Chart on page 183 – “A Comparison of Cells”

Cell Membrane  Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, provides protection and support  Takes in H 2 O and food and eliminates waste through the membrane

 Formed when certain kinds of lipids are dissolved in H2O  Each layer is composed of lipids with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail  Tough, flexible barriers between the cell and its surroundings  Contain protein molecules that run through the layer  Form channels and pumps to help move materials across the membrane Carbohydrate molecules attach to the outer surfaces of the proteins  Act as chemical ID cards helping cells to identify each other

 One of the Most Important Functions of the Cell Membrane is to control the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other The Concentration of a solution is the mass of the solute in a given volume of solution…mass/volume  i.e 12 grams of salt dissolved in 3 liters of water is 12g/3L or 4g/L  In a solution, molecules move constantly, collide, and spread out randomly … they try to distribute evenly

 The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as Diffusion  When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution, they system has reach Equilibrium  A solute will always try to establish a state of equilibrium  Diffusion causes substances to move across the membrane but does not require energy to do so

 Permeable Membranes allow all substances to cross  Impermeable Membranes do not allow any substances to cross  Selectively Permeable membranes only allow selected substances to cross

 A solution that is equilibrium  Same strength….same concentration of solute and water

 A solution that is said to have a higher concentration of solute (less water per solute)  Above strength

 A solution that said to have a lower concentration co solute (more water per solute)  Below Strength

 A pressure exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane  Cells are filled with various molecules…salts, sugars, proteins, etc. therefore are Hypertonic to fresh water

 Water should move into the cell  Cell should swell  Most cells are bathed in isotonic fluids such as blood that have concentrations of dissolved materials roughly equal to that inside the cell  Plant cells and bacteria that come into contact with fresh water have cell walls to help prevent them from expanding  Other cells use a mechanism to help pump out the excess water that is forced in by osmosis

 Unicellular Organisms  Single celled organisms  They grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce  Include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes  Bacteria (prokaryotes) and yeast (eukaryotes) are examples  Some live alone some live in colonies

 Multicellular Organisms  Cells do not ever live alone  Cells are Interdependent; each has a function that contributes to the fitness, or survival, of the organism  Have Cell Specialization  Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform specific functions within the organism  Some created movement (muscle cells), some relay information (neurons), some produce enzymes (pancreatic cells, liver cells, gallbladder cells), etc

Cells Tissue Organs Organ System

 Diversity of labor among cells  Blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, etc  Specialization and Interdependence

A group of similar cells that perform a similar function  There are 4 Main types of tissue (Muscles, Epithelial, Nervous, Connective)  Epithelial Tissues cover or line body surfaces  Connective Tissue include bone, blood, cartilage and lymph  Muscle Tissue controls the internal movement of materials in the body, as well as external movement of the entire body or body parts  Nervous Tissue receives messages from the body’s external and internal environment, analyzes the data, and directs the response

 Many groups of tissues that work together  Each muscle in the body is and organ, although there are muscle tissue, nervous tissue (nerve endings and neurons), and connective tissue (cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood) present in each muscle

 A group of organs that works together to perform a specific function and complete a series of specialized tasks.  There are 11 major organ systems in the human body

 1. What does the Cell Theory State?  2. Explain the difference between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane.  3. What is the main function of the Cell Wall?  4. What is the main function of the Nucleus?  5. Compare and Contrast Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.  6. What is the difference between Chromatin and Chromosomes?

 1. What are the functions of:  A. Endoplasmic Reticulum  B. Golgi Bodies  C. Ribosomes  D. Chloroplast  E. Mitochondria  2. Where do we think mitochondrial DNA comes from?  3. Describe 2 main differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.  4. Describe a Lipid Bylayer.  5. Explain the process of diffusion.  6. What is Osmosis?  7. Explain the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.  8. What is facilitated diffusion?  9. Describe Active Transport.

 1. Explain the difference between unicellular and multicellular.  2. What is cell specialization?  3. What are the 4 levels of organization?  4. What are the 4 main types of tissue?  5. What is the difference between an organ and an organ system?