The War Preserved the Union The Civil War settled the long standing argument between those, including Lincoln, who believed that the United States was one nation, indivisible, and those who thought of the United States as a voluntary association of states. The Civil War settled the long standing argument between those, including Lincoln, who believed that the United States was one nation, indivisible, and those who thought of the United States as a voluntary association of states. Lincoln’s view – one nation, indivisible - prevailed Lincoln’s view – one nation, indivisible - prevailed

The War is Over…. Struggles: 1. Southerners to survive in their devastated region 2. Make the promise of emancipation a reality 3. Bind the nation back together again.

Reconstruction

Lincoln’s View of Reconstruction Secession was illegal Secession was illegal Confederate governments in the South were illegitimate Confederate governments in the South were illegitimate The states never really left the Union The states never really left the Union Reconstruction was a matter of quickly restoring state governments that were loyal to the Union in the Southern states Reconstruction was a matter of quickly restoring state governments that were loyal to the Union in the Southern states

The federal government should act “with malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds…. -Abraham Lincoln Second Inaugural Address

Lincoln is Assassinated 5 days after Lee’s surrender 5 days after Lee’s surrender “I have never felt so happy in my life” “I have never felt so happy in my life” Shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater Shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater

If you were a parent, and one of your children ran away, what would you do once your child had returned? Would you (1) punish the child to discourage him or her from running away? Or (2) accept a promise from the child that he or she would never run away again?

Radical Reconstruction Andrew Johnson was Lincoln's successor – lacked Lincoln’s political skills Andrew Johnson was Lincoln's successor – lacked Lincoln’s political skills Unable to come up with a solution Unable to come up with a solution Lincoln’s death enabled Radical Republicans to influence the process of Reconstruction (he clashed with the Radicals on the issue of how help the Southern blacks) Lincoln’s death enabled Radical Republicans to influence the process of Reconstruction (he clashed with the Radicals on the issue of how help the Southern blacks)

Reconstruction Views President JohnsonRadical Republicans (Moderate)(Radical) President JohnsonRadical Republicans (Moderate)(Radical) Being lenient toward the South would heal the Union more effectively Reunite the country as quickly and compassionately as possible The South should be punished for seceding from the Union Aggressively guaranteeing voting and other civil rights to African Americans

Johnson vs. Radicals Johnson repeatedly clashed with Radicals over civil right for freed slaves. Johnson repeatedly clashed with Radicals over civil right for freed slaves. Radicals impeached Johnson (Tenure of Office Act), but failed to remove him from office (by 1 vote). Radicals impeached Johnson (Tenure of Office Act), but failed to remove him from office (by 1 vote).

Radical Reconstruction North feared Southern whites quickly regaining power and reestablishing anti-black policies – led them to push for a harsh form of Reconstruction North feared Southern whites quickly regaining power and reestablishing anti-black policies – led them to push for a harsh form of Reconstruction The states that seceded were not allowed back into the Union immediately The states that seceded were not allowed back into the Union immediately Put under military occupation Put under military occupation This ended up embittering Southern whites – which produced a backlash of discrimination against Southern blacks This ended up embittering Southern whites – which produced a backlash of discrimination against Southern blacks

“The power...given to the commanding officer over all the people of each district is that of an absolute monarch. His mere will is to take the place of all law....It reduces the whole population of the ten states--all persons, of every color, sex, and condition, and every stranger within their limits--to the most abject and degrading slavery.” President Johnson's veto of the radical program

Johnson’s Impeachment Trial Johnson was impeached over the Tenure of Office Act – 1 st President in history to be impeached

Radical Reconstruction Amendments 13 th Amendment (1865): 13 th Amendment (1865): Slavery was permanently abolished in the United States Slavery was permanently abolished in the United States

Freedom from slavery was important, but it was only a start toward equality Freedom from slavery was important, but it was only a start toward equality What would it mean to be free but not able to work and live where you wanted to do – or to vote for candidates of your choice? What would it mean to be free but not able to work and live where you wanted to do – or to vote for candidates of your choice? The Declaration said, “ALL men are created equal”. Radicals argued it was not time to make good on that claim. The Declaration said, “ALL men are created equal”. Radicals argued it was not time to make good on that claim.

Radical Reconstruction Amendments 14 th Amendment (1868): 14 th Amendment (1868): States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to ANY American. States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to ANY American. (African Americans were citizens and that all citizens should receive equal treatment under the law) Granted CITIZENSHIP! Granted CITIZENSHIP!

Radical Reconstruction Amendments 15 th Amendment (1870): 15 th Amendment (1870): The right to vote could not be denied to anyone on the basis of the person’s race or previous servitude (having been enslaved) The right to vote could not be denied to anyone on the basis of the person’s race or previous servitude (having been enslaved)

Free -- Citizens -- Vote

The End of Reconstruction: Compromise of 1877 Reconstruction ended as a result of agreements made to resolve the disputed 1876 presidential election (close election – votes were contested) Reconstruction ended as a result of agreements made to resolve the disputed 1876 presidential election (close election – votes were contested) Leaders of two parties worked out a deal – the contested votes would go to the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes IF the Republicans agreed to end military occupation of the South. Leaders of two parties worked out a deal – the contested votes would go to the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes IF the Republicans agreed to end military occupation of the South.

Effect of Compromise of 1877 Hayes won the election Hayes won the election Military was withdrawn Military was withdrawn The new Southern order collapsed. The new Southern order collapsed. It allowed former Confederates who controlled the Democratic Party to regain power It allowed former Confederates who controlled the Democratic Party to regain power Without military support, black Republican politicians could not hold onto their elected offices. Without military support, black Republican politicians could not hold onto their elected offices. White Democrats took their places, often through dishonest means. White Democrats took their places, often through dishonest means. Whites dominated state governments and those governments passed laws to keep blacks from voting. Whites dominated state governments and those governments passed laws to keep blacks from voting.

Jim Crow Era Compromise of 1877 opened the door to the Jim Crow Era Compromise of 1877 opened the door to the Jim Crow Era African Americans in the South were denied full rights of American citizenship African Americans in the South were denied full rights of American citizenship

All freedmen...over the age of eighteen years, found on the second Monday in January, 1866, or thereafter, with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together, either in the day or night time, and all white persons so assembling with freedmen...shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction thereof shall be fined in the sum of not exceeding in the crease of a freedman...fifty dollars, and a white man two hundred dollars, and imprisoned at the discretion of the court.... And in case of any freedman...shall fail for five days after the imposition of any fine...for violation of this act...it shall be...the duty of the sheriff...to hire out said freedman...to any person who will, for the shortest period of service, pay said fines.... Mississippi Black Code, 1865

Ku Klux Klan A secretive and hateful organization that often threatened and sometimes lynched blacks who tried to vote. A secretive and hateful organization that often threatened and sometimes lynched blacks who tried to vote.

Sharecropping Many freed slaves continued to live as poor tenant farmers called sharecroppers. Many freed slaves continued to live as poor tenant farmers called sharecroppers. A poor tenant farmer who can keep only part of the crops he or she raises. The rest goes to the landlord for payment for rent and the use of tools. A poor tenant farmer who can keep only part of the crops he or she raises. The rest goes to the landlord for payment for rent and the use of tools.

Reconstruction: Frustrating and Disappointing North/WestSouth Immigrants fled to the North and West Emerged with strong, growing industrial economies Built more railroads and completed the Transcontinental Railroad Southern states embittered Devastated by the war Farms, railroads, factories devastated Cities of Richmond and Atlanta lay in ruins South would remain a backward, agricultural-based economy and the poorest section of the nation for many decades afterward

Atlanta After the Civil War

Biggest Failure of Reconstruction “You turned us loose to the sky, to the storm, to the whirling wind, and, worst of all you turned us loose to the wrath of our infuriated masters.” -Frederick Douglas

Post-War Contributions of Key Leaders Robert E. Lee & Ulysses S. Grant urged reconciliation between the North and South Robert E. Lee & Ulysses S. Grant urged reconciliation between the North and South

Grant Urged Radical Republicans not to be harsh with former Confederates Urged Radical Republicans not to be harsh with former Confederates Elected President of U.S. and served during most of Reconstruction Elected President of U.S. and served during most of Reconstruction Advocated rights for the freed man Advocated rights for the freed man Opposed retribution directed to the defeated South Opposed retribution directed to the defeated South

Lee Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the United States Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the United States Served as President of Washington College (Washington & Lee University today) Served as President of Washington College (Washington & Lee University today) Emphasized the importance of education to the nation’s future Emphasized the importance of education to the nation’s future

Post-War Contributions of Key Leaders Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass Became the leading spokesman after the Civil War for African Americans in the nation Became the leading spokesman after the Civil War for African Americans in the nation Supported full equality for African Americans Supported full equality for African Americans Advocated for the passage of the 14 th and 15 th amendments Advocated for the passage of the 14 th and 15 th amendments Encouraged federal governments actions to protect the rights of the freedmen in the South Encouraged federal governments actions to protect the rights of the freedmen in the South Served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil service Served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil service