Chapter 4 – States of Matter Section 1 - Matter Pages

States of Matter Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant motion. The strength of the attraction between the particles determines a material’s state of matter.

States of Matter There are 3 main states of matter: 1)Solids 2)Liquids 3)Gases A forth state of matter known as plasma occurs at extremely hot temperatures.

Examples of Plasma Examples: Stars, Lightning, Neon Lights, Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights)

Solids A solid is matter with a definite shape and a definite volume. The particles of a solid are packed closely together. These particles have little energy and vibrate in a fixed position.

Two Types of Solids 1) Crystalline Solids –Arranged in a repeating, 3-dimensional pattern. –Have a distinct melting point. –Examples: Sugar, sand, snow, salt, salt. 2) Amorphous Solids –Consist of large particles that are not arranged in a repeating pattern. –Do not have a distinct melting point. –Examples: Rubber, plastic, glass, butter

Crystal Patterns of Snowflakes

Liquids A liquid is matter with a definite volume but not a definite shape. Liquids take the shape of the container they occupy. The particles in a liquid move more freely than a solid. The particles have enough energy to move out of their fixed positions.

Property of Liquid - Viscosity A liquid’s resistance to flow is known as the liquid’s viscosity. Liquids with a high viscosity flow slowly --- example: Honey. Liquids with a low viscosity flow quickly example: Water. Viscosity increases as the liquid becomes colder.

Aa Pahoehoe

Property of Liquids – Surface Tension The uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid are called surface tension. Example – Drops on a penny.

Gases Gas is matter with no definite shape and no definite volume. A gas will take the shape and volume of its container. The particles in a gas are much farther apart than a solid or liquid. The gas particles have more energy than solids or liquids.

States of Matter (Water) Solid = Ice Liquid = Water Gas = Water Vapor

Chapter 4 – Section 2 Changes of State Pages

Thermal Energy and Heat The energy of motion of particles is called kinetic energy. Particles with more kinetic energy move faster and further apart. The total energy of all the particles in a sample of matter is called thermal energy. The average energy of the individual particles is the temperature of a substance.

Heat Thermal energy can be transferred from one object to another. The transfer of thermal energy moves from a warmer object to a cooler object. The movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to a lower temperature is called heat.

Changes of State Matter can change from one state to another when thermal energy in a substance increases or decreases. This change is known as a change of state. Change of state is a physical change.

Melting The change of state from a solid to a liquid is called melting. What is happening to the particles of a solid when it melts? Particles gaining heat energy & moving faster. The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is called the melting point. The melting point of ice is 0° C.

Vaporization The change of state from a liquid to a gas is called vaporization. The particles are gaining heat energy & moving faster. There are two types of vaporization: 1) Boiling 2) Evaporation

Vaporization Boiling : –Takes place below the surface of the liquid. –The boiling point for water is 100° C –Example: Heating water on a stove. Evaporation: –Takes place at the surface of a liquid. –Occurs at temperatures below the boiling point. –Example: A puddle drying up on a summer day.

Condensation The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called condensation. Particles are losing heat energy & moving slower. Examples: –Dew forming on grass –Water forming on the outside of a can of soda.

Freezing The change of state from a liquid to a solid is called freezing. What happens to the particles of a solid when it freezes? The particles are losing heat energy & moving slower. The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called the freezing point. Salt can raise/lower freezing point The freezing point and melting point of a substance are the same.

Changes Between Solid and Gas Sublimation : –The change of state from a solid to a gas is called sublimation. –Particles rapidly gain heat energy & movement. –Example: Dry Ice, Air Freshener Deposition: –The change of state from a gas to a solid is called deposition. –Particles rapidly lose heat energy & movement. –Example: Frost & Snow