CHAPTER 31 YEARS OF CRISIS

General Dwight D. Eisenhower addresses troops preparing to invade France (June 1944). The Allies defeat the Axis powers, the Jewish people suffer through the Holocaust, and Europe and Japan are devastated by World War II. SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Hitler’s Lightning War Japan’s Pacific Campaign The Holocaust The Allied Victory SECTION 5 Europe and Japan in Ruins

 CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the economic, political, and social changes that caused WW II and then summarize the events of WWII  Objective 11.8: Summarize the events that led to the Axis powers surrendering

Led by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, the Allies score key victories and win the war.

 Britain battled Italy in African countries of Egypt and Libya  In 1941 Germany helped Italy in Africa by sending General Erwin Rommel, the “Desert Fox”  Rommel takes Tobruk, June 1942; pushed toward Egypt  British General Montgomery attacks at El Alamein, forces Rommel back  From 1940 to 1943, the Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with neither side gaining much of an advantage  American forces land in Morocco, November 1942  General Dwight D. Eisenhower — American commander in Africa and in Western Europe  In May 1943, Rommel’s forces defeated by Allies  About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered in May 1943 and the war in Africa was over

 The Battle for Stalingrad (Winter 1942 – 1943)  Hitler wanted to make Germany self-sufficient; planned to seize Ukraine farm lands  In June 1941, more than 3 million Axis troops crossed the Soviet border  After losses; Soviets make their last stand at Stalingrad, a major industrial center  Battle of Stalingrad —Soviets, Germans battle for control of city  The Russian winter put a stop to German advance, turning point for Russian victory  Winter is Coming  German troops capture city, but the Soviets took advantage of the harsh winter to launch a counterattack.  The German army was soon surrounded with no supplies and no hope of escape.  On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.

 German Resistance  Mussolini is caught and killed by his own people in April 1945 while trying to escape to Austria  The Allied advance was stalled by fierce German resistance, but Germans in northern Italy finally surrendered in April  The Invasion of Italy  In 1943, U.S. troops under General Patton invade Italy, the “soft underbelly” of the Axis Powers  U.S., British forces land on, capture Sicily in 1943  Italians lost faith in Mussolini’s leadership, and he was overthrown.  Italy’s new government surrendered to the Allies and declared war on Germany in October 1943.

 The D-Day Invasion  Allies plan invasion of France; use deception to confuse Germans  D-Day — June 6, 1944; day of “Operation Overlord” Allied invasion of France  Allied forces capture Normandy beaches; liberate Paris by September

 U.S., British forces advance on Germany from west, Soviets from east  Battle of the Bulge — final German counterattack in December 1944  Was the largest battle in Western Europe during World War II  Germans gain early success but forced to retreat  In the end the casualties were staggering on both sides, and most Nazi leaders realized that the war was lost.

 By 1945, Allied armies approach Germany from two sides  In March 1945, American ground forces crossed the Rhine River and moved toward the German capital of Berlin from the west.  Soviets soon surround Berlin  Hitler commits suicide in April 1945  On May 9, 1945, Germany officially surrenders, marking V-E Day  President Roosevelt dies in April; Harry Truman becomes president

 The Japanese in Retreat  Allies move to retake the Philippines in late 1944  Battle of Leyte Gulf leaves Japanese navy badly damaged  Kamikazes — Japanese pilots who fly suicide missions  In March 1945, American forces capture Iwo Jima  U.S. takes Okinawa in June 1945; Japan suffers huge casualties  The Manhattan Project  Advisors warn Truman that invasion of Japan will cost many lives  He has alternative; powerful new weapon called atomic bomb  Manhattan Project — secret program to develop the bomb  The Japanese Surrender  Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, August 6, 1945; about 75,000 die  Nagasaki bombed on August 9; 70,000 die immediately  Japan informally surrenders on August 15  Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945 after the two atomic bombings

What was the significance of D-Day? (A)It was the beginning of the Allied invasion of Western Europe. (B)The Allies retook Western Europe. (C)The Allies celebrated victory in North Africa. (D)France was liberated. The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop ______. (A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did (B) a defense against kamikaze attacks (C) an unsinkable warship (D) a new military training program

What was the significance of D-Day? (A)It was the beginning of the Allied invasion of Western Europe. (B)The Allies retook Western Europe. (C)The Allies celebrated victory in North Africa. (D)France was liberated. The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop ______. (A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did (B) a defense against kamikaze attacks (C) an unsinkable warship (D) a new military training program

World War II cost millions of human lives and billions of dollars in damages. It leaves Europe and Japan in ruins.

 A Harvest of Destruction  Many cities across Europe badly damaged by war  Many people displaced by war and peace agreements  Misery Continues After the War  Lack of food, destruction of roads, factories lead to hardship  Many people suffer from hunger, disease after war  Need for New Leaders  Many conquered countries went back to old governments  New leaders needed in Germany, Italy, and France  Communist parties make gains in Italy, France by promising change  Communist interest fades as economies recover

 Serious Damage  In war, Japan loses two million people; severe damage to many cities  Occupied Japan  MacArthur takes charge of U.S. occupation of Japan  Starts process of demilitarization — disbanding Japan’s armed forces  Also launches democratization — creating democracy in Japan  Japanese people adopt new constitution in 1947  MacArthur puts economic reforms in place  Changing Japanese Society  Emperor kept on, but he loses power and becomes figurehead  Japanese people elect two-house legislature  Bill of rights guarantees freedoms; women also have right to vote  Constitution says Japan cannot attack another country  In 1951, peace treaty with Japan signed; U.S. occupation ends  U.S. and Japan become allies

What group was tried at the Nuremburg Trials? (A)Nazis (B)Communists (C)The Luftwaffe (D)Douglas MacArthur Who organized and oversaw the demilitarization of Japan? (A) U.S. Army (B) U.S. Congress (C) Diet of Japan (D) Emperor of Japan

What group was tried at the Nuremburg Trials? (A)Nazis (B)Communists (C)The Luftwaffe (D)Douglas MacArthur Who organized and oversaw the demilitarization of Japan? (A) U.S. army (B) U.S. Congress (C) Diet of Japan (D) Emperor of Japan