Atoms: very small If a helium atom was the size of a full stop, then the average gerbil would be the size of the Earth.

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Presentation transcript:

Atoms: very small If a helium atom was the size of a full stop, then the average gerbil would be the size of the Earth.

Atoms: very small Now let’s pretend that the helium atom on the right is the size of the Earth. What’s wrong with this simple picture?

How big is a nucleus? The helium atom is not in the right proportions. The three subatomic particles are wrongly enormous in comparison to the atom’s radius. If the atom was the size of the Earth, then the nucleus would be about the size of IVC (at the centre of the Earth).

Most of the atom is empty space! If you imagine an atom being the size of Wembley stadium, the nucleus would be about the size of a football on the centre spot. The electrons would be two peas flying around the whole stadium. The rest of it: emptiness.

+ - Subatomic particles in more detail Subatomic particle Relative charge Relative mass Common depiction Proton +1 1 Neutron Electron -1 1  10-5 + -

Li = 7 3 Lithium Number of protons Number of electrons Lithium No. of protons + neutrons Mass number Number of protons Number of electrons = Li 7 Lithium Electrons 3 Protons Neutrons 4 3 Atomic number does not always equal the number of neutrons. Atomic number or proton number (No. of protons)

= Lithium Number of protons Number of electrons Lithium Electrons 3 Neutrons 4 This is because the atom is neutral. The charges balance out! -3 charge +3 charge No charge But atoms can gain and lose electrons (they become ions). This changes the overall charge on the atom.

Lithium Number of protons “defines” an element – nothing else! Some isotopes of lithium: 4Li 4-Lithium 3 protons, 1 neutron 6Li 6-Lithium 3 protons, 3 neutrons 10Li 10-Lithium 3 protons, 7 neutrons 11Li 11-Lithium 3 protons, 8 neutrons Lithium: always 3 protons! 7-Lithium (7Li) Electrons 3 Protons Neutrons 4 Atomic number does not always equal the number of neutrons. This can change, even in atoms of the same element. These are called isotopes.

Atom P N E How many protons, electrons and neutrons do these have? Na Rh phosphorus The last of the halogens Xe The only liquid non-metal Li+ F- Carbon-14 (14C) 2 protons 2 electrons 2 neutrons 4 He A helium atom 2

Atom P N E How many protons, electrons and neutrons do these have? Na 11 12 Rh 45 58 phosphorus 15 16 The last of the halogens 85 125 Xe 54 77 The only liquid non-metal 35 Li+ 3 4 2 F- 9 10 Carbon-14 (14C) 6 8 2 protons 2 electrons 2 neutrons 4 He A helium atom 2

Electron configuration Fill in the table Species Name Protons Neutrons Electrons Electron configuration K Potassium 19 20 2,8,8,1 Ca Oxygen ion 8 Mg ion in magnesium chloride Fluoride ion Na lithium ion in lithium oxide Halogen ion in LiCl 2+ +

Electron configuration Fill in the table Species Name Protons Neutrons Electrons Electron configuration K Potassium 19 20 2,8,8,1 Ca Calcium ion 18 2,8,8 O Oxygen ion 8 10 2,8 Mg Mg ion in magnesium chloride 12 F Fluoride ion 9 Na Sodium ion 11 Li lithium ion in lithium oxide 3 4 2 Cl Halogen ion in LiCl 17 2+ 2- 2+ - + + -