Living Together
Presentation Outline Symbiosis Description Obligate vs. Facultative Main Types of Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Examples of Symbiotic Relationships http://www.floridastateparks.org/maclaygardens/img/photogallery/mac-symbiosis-markferrulo.jpg
Facultative Symbiosis The interaction of organisms in which one organism lives with, in, or on another species of organism Obligate Symbiosis The organisms require the symbiotic relationship in order to survive. Facultative Symbiosis The symbiotic relationship gives each organism a greater chance of survival but isn't absolutely necessary. Symbiotic relationships aren't always symmetrical -- they can be obligate for one organism and facultative for the other.
Main Types of Symbiosis Mutualism Both organisms benefit from the relationship Commensalism One organism benefits from the relationship, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed. Parasitism One organism (the parasite) benefits, while the host is harmed or exploited. Often, the host’s health is impaired slowly allowing the parasite to exploit its host over a longer period.
Crocodile- Egyptian Plover Bird Mutualism Example Crocodile- Egyptian Plover Bird Food gets stuck in the teeth of the crocodile and rots. A crocodile sits with its mouth wide open, the Egyptian Plover bird will fly into the mouth and eat the food stuck in its teeth. The plover gets a meal and the crocodile gets a valuable tooth cleaning: they both benefit. http://bookbuilder.cast.org/view_print.php?book=12710
Mutualism Example –You! Human Gut-Bacteria When you eat food, very little of it gets digested in your stomach. Food travels through your intestine where bacteria further digest the partly digested food. The bacteria also produce vitamins. Your food gets digested, you get vitamins, and the bacteria get a meal. http://drlundgren.wordpress.com/ http://candidasurvivorsguide.org/2011/04/human-gut-bacteria-classified-genetically-into-three-ecosystems/
+Algae (zooxanthellae) Mutualism Example Sea Anemone + Clown Fish +Algae (zooxanthellae) http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390 facultative symbiotic relationship with certain single-celled green algae species which reside in the animals' gastrodermal cells. These algae may be either zooxanthellae, zoochlorellae or both. The sea anemone benefits from the products of the algae's photosynthesis, namely oxygen and food in the form of glycerol, glucose and alanine; the algae in turn are assured a reliable exposure to sunlight and protection from micro-feeders, which the sea anemones actively maintain. The algae also benefit by being protected due to the presence of stinging cells called nematocysts, reducing the likelihood of being eaten by herbivores. Most species inhabit tropical reefs, although there are species adapted to relatively cold waters, intertidal reefs, and sand/kelp environments. Clownfish have a slimy mucus covering that protects them from the sea anemone. The only fish that do not get stung by the tentacles of the sea anemone. Clown fish eat the leftover fish and algae. Anemones get a cleaning and better water circulation from the fish swimming about. Algae live within the anemone body. From the algae's photosynthesis, anemone receives oxygen and food as glycerol, glucose and alanine. The algae receive reliable exposure to sun, and protection from micro-feeders.
Commensalism Example Barnacle - Whales Barnacles adhere to the skin of a whale Barnacle benefits by finding a habitat where nutrients are available. Barnacle is transported to new sources of food, when whale swims through a cloud of plankton for a meal, the barnacle also feeds. The presence of barnacle populations does not appear to hamper or enhance the survival of the animals carrying them.
Tigers-Golden Jackals Commensalism Example Tigers-Golden Jackals Lone jackals expelled from their pack, have been known to attach themselves to a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance in order to feed on the big cat's kills. Tigers sometimes tolerate these jackals: one report describes how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together a few feet away from each other. On rare occasions, Tigers have killed the Jackal http://www.discoveryindiatours.com/Tiger-Safari.html http://birdsandmammals.blogspot.com/2008_06_01_archive.html
Parasitism Example Bed Bugs - Humans Bedbugs are small, nocturnal parasites that come out of hiding at night to feed on humans. They feed exclusively on blood! Their bites often result in an allergic reaction. The bedbug benefits, while the human is harmed. http://bedbugger.com/photos-of-bed-bugs-and-signs-of-bed-bugs/ http://www.orkin.com/press-room/bed-bugs--the-unwelcome-travel-companion
Tapeworm - Dog/Cat/Human Parasitism Example Tapeworm - Dog/Cat/Human The primary host of the cucumber tapeworm is mainly a dog or a cat (occasionally a human). Fleas and lice are the intermediate host. The dog or cat becomes contaminated when the eggs are passed in the feces, and the flea or louse ingests the eggs. The dog or cat (or human) is infected when they ingest a flea or louse. The tapeworm has no digestive system of it’s own, so it attaches itself to the lining of the intestines and absorbs the nutrients the dog ingests. http://www.tapewormindogs.com/symptoms-of-tapeworm-in-dogs/ http://stupidcelebrities.net/2008/08/19/man-has-9-foot-tapeworm-suing-shaws-crab-house-photos/
Picture Sources http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390 http://www.floridastateparks.org/maclaygardens/img/photogallery/mac-symbiosis-markferrulo.jpg http://bookbuilder.cast.org/view_print.php?book=12710 http://drlundgren.wordpress.co http://candidasurvivorsguide.org/2011/04/human-gut-bacteria-classified-genetically-into-three-ecosystems/ http://www.chacocanyon.com/pointlookout/110209.shtml http://scienceline.org/2010/03/how-do-barnacles-attach-to-whales/ http://www.discoveryindiatours.com/Tiger-Safari.html http://birdsandmammals.blogspot.com/2008_06_01_archive.html http://bedbugger.com/photos-of-bed-bugs-and-signs-of-bed-bugs/ http://www.orkin.com/press-room/bed-bugs--the-unwelcome-travel-companion