Environmental Signals EEA’s Regular Indicator-based Report European Environment Agency 2001

Overall, what do we see ? The environmental problems that are most difficult to solve persist Tackling climate change Greenhouse gas emissions million tonnes CO 2 equivalent EU15 greenhouse gas emissions kyoto target

Overall, what do we see ? (2) The environmental problems that are most difficult to solve persist Protecting nature and bio-diversity from land take and use Every day during , about 10 hectares of land (10 football pitches) were taken for motorway construction in the EU built-up area forest land length of road network permanentgrassland

Overall, what do we see ? (3) The environmental problems that are most difficult to solve persist Sustainable management of waste and natural resources 600 waste generated waste landfilled kg/per capita

Overall, what do we see ? (4) The environmental problems that are most difficult to solve persist Environment and health Air quality in urban areas (ozone and particulate matters) 40 Fine particles Ozone

Most issues intimately linked with energy consumption A reflection of the overall scale of resource use 1000 mtoe households industry transport services and agriculture

The challenge: evolving patterns and scale of consumption and production l Transport is constantly increasing and is a core activity of the tourism sector l The number of inbound tourist visitors grew faster than total passenger transport Passenger transport 1980 = number of cars passenger-km population million tourists Tourist arrivals

Growing consumerism expenditures, transport, fuel, recreation electricity consumption energy consumption The challenge: evolving patterns and scale of consumption and production Energy use by households

Eco-efficiency in the 1990s Eco-efficiency gains are outweighed by the expansion of key sectors such as transport households household expenditures energy use number of households emission of greenhouse gases (carbondioxide) freight transport transport passenger transport energy use emissions of greenhouse gases emissions of acidifying substances emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors energy use agriculture irrigated land gross value added emissions of greenhouse gases emissions of acidifying substances consumption of fertilisers emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors Consumption of pesticides energy gross value added total output energy supply sector emissions of greenhouse gases emission of tropospheric ozone precursors emission of acidifying substances

Consumerism and pricing of goods and services Household expenditure is nearly twice what it was in Marked increase on recreation, transport (only +3% on public transport) and tourism (+16% between 1990 and 1997) recreation, entertainment, education and cultural services transport and communication food beverages and tobacco

l In some countries, car transport is cheaper relative to bus and train than 20 yrs ago l EU average price of road fuel in 2000 was lower than in the first half of the 1980s 1986 = cost price excise duty VAT 1986 = bus fares rail fares disposable income private car Consumerism and pricing of goods and services (2)

l Correct price signals require full internalisation of external costs l External costs of transport are about 8% of GDP. Road transport is responsible for more than 95% of these costs euro / 1000 passenger-km carbusrailaviation Consumerism and pricing of goods and services (3)

Integration Contribution of sectors to air emissions reduction % reduction fugitive emissions industry transport agriculture other total change energy industry sulphurdioxide acidifyinggases troposphericozone ammonia nitrogenoxides NMVOC carbonmonoxide

kton/year reference emissions actual emissions Increase in share nuclear and renewable energy Efficiency improvement Fossil fuel switching Fuel gas desulphurisation and use of low-sulphur fuels Integration Measuring effectiveness of policies Sulphur dioxide emissions from electricity generation

Integration Measuring effectiveness of policies (2) But such benefits are partly offset by transport growth, strongly coupled to economic growth with impact on energy and land use Transport million tonnes shift petrol to diesel national programmes shift petrol to diesel national programmes 3-way catalysts heavy duty vehicle emission standards (stage 1) heavy duty vehicle emission standards (stage 1) emission standards passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles emission standards passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles reference emissions actual emissions

EU transport infrastructure investment grew by 17% in the period but the investment shares in different transport modes have remained almost unchanged: about two-thirds for road and one-third for rail Progress towards Integration - Transport 1986 = motorways rail lines

Progress towards Integration - Transport The share of the more environmentally-friendly freight modes (rail, inland waterways, short sea shipping) has decreased by 10% in the period 1980 to 1998 Tourism is the fastest-growing reason for the travel Shares in % Road Short sea shipping Rail Inlandwaterways

Integration Issues - Tourism modal split in tourism transport reflecting environmental costs in tourism prices carrying capacity of destinations reducing energy use reducing impacts on environment tourism transport household expenditure for tourism & recreation tourism intensity energy use eco-labelling policy issue indicator assessment

Integration Issues - Tourism l 90% of energy use is taken up by access to and return from destination l Holiday tourism accounts for 70% of air transport (pass/km) Flight tourism accounts for 10% of total consumption of liquid fuel per year l Tourism accounts for 50%of transport energy use In France 5-7% of greenhouse gas emissions are due to tourism (domestic and tourist travel by car)

Managing tourism demand and intensity Bed places and international arrivals, EU15, Index 1994 = Int.arrivals Bed- places Tourism intensity, in terms of number of beds per international arrivals, in the EU15 countries increased by 3% between 1994 and 1997, leading in some areas to overloading the accommodation capacities of the destinations

l Financial support for rural development has increased from 5% in 1996 to 10% in 2000 l More than 20% of EU farmland is covered by agri-environmental measures Progress towards Integration - Agriculture CAP without rural development rural development and accompanying measures animal products plant products bn EURO

l More than 3 million farms disappeared in the EU between 1975 and 1995, together with a 12% reduction in permanent pastures l In many countries, the market for organic products is still small: however, it is growing everywhere Progress towards Integration - Agriculture = arable land permanentpasture number of holdings % organic farming

l NATURA2000 Network will help conserve a significant proportion of the most important grasslands, but it cannot stop the general deterioration of grasslands Number of Protected Areas number of protected areas Austria, Finland and Sweden Spain and Portugal EU 10

% change Kyoto protocol target ( ) target ( ) Spain Ireland Portugal Greece Denmark Netherlands Belgium Austria Finland Italy Sweden France United Kingdom Germany Luxembourg EU Total Iceland Norway Country Performance Greenhouse Gases & Kyoto Targets

Country Performance Energy related objectives - Renewables now contribute 4% of electricity generation in the EU. While they grew about 3% per year from , an annual increase of 5.5% would be needed to reach the 2010 target % BUKLND IRL GRDKEUFRITESFPSEA indicative target for 2010 other renewables large hydropower

Country Performance - Transport MemberStatesInstitutionalcoordination Integratedtransportstrategies Nationaltransport-environment monitoring systems Implementation of strategic environmentalassessment AustriaBelgiumDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceIrelandItalyLuxembourgNetherlandsPortugalSpainSweden United Kingdom UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD = under development

NECD Common position, June 2000 Air emissions targets - Ozone precursors Country Performance % change from IrelandSpainItalyFinland Belgium Denmark FranceSwedenAustria Netherlands UnitedKingdom LuxembourgGermany EU emissions Portugal Greece

Nitrogen Concentration in Rivers Country Performance % of stations > to < to < to <0.75 <0.3 DKBNLDAUKESFITGRIRLPN

Country Performance Municipal waste and landfilling target Biodegradable waste landfilled as a % of the generation in 1995 Ireland Spain Italy Finland Belgium(Flanders) Denmark France Sweden Austria Netherlands UK Luxembourg Germany Norway Portugal Greece EU target improved disimproved