MICROPROCESSOR AMARTYA ROY-72 ANGSHUMAN CHATTERJEE-80 ASHISH LOHIA-70 MOLOY CHAKRABORTY-60

WHAT IS MICROPROCESSOR?

A bit of Technology-Microprocessor Microprocessor incorporates all of the functions of the computer CPU, but includes all the logic circuitry including the control unit, on one chip. It can be divided into three segments for the sake of clarity namely, arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), register array, and control unit.

MOORE’S LAW

8085 INTRODUCTION (The Intel 8085 chip was first introduced in 1977)  Its features are :  It is an 8 bit processor.  It is a single chip N-MOS device with 40 pins.  It works on 5 Volt dc power supply.  It has multiplexed address and data bus.(AD0-AD7).  The maximum clock frequency is 6 MHz while minimum frequency is 500kHz.  It provides 74 instructions with 5 different addressing modes.

PIN DIAGRAM of 8085

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION Some important pins are : AD0-AD7: Multiplexed Address and data lines. A8-A15: Tri-stated higher order address lines. ALE: Address latch enable. S0,S1: These are the status signals used to indicate type of operation. RD¯: Read is active low input signal used to read data from I/O device or memory. WR¯: Write is an active low output signal used write data on memory or an I/O device.

8085 ARCHITECTURE

Microprocessor Architecture The MPU communicates with memory and I/O using the system bus consisting of:-  Address bus: unidirectional and carries memory and I/O addresses.  Data bus: bidirectional; transfers binary data and instructions between MPU and memory and I/O.  Control lines: Read and Write timing signals asserted by MPU.

Microprocessor-Based Systems

Microprocessor-Based System with Buses Address, Data, and Control:

The 8085 Bus Structure Address Bus:- –16 address lines: A0 – A15 –Unidirectional mode: Address bits sent from MPU  peripheral devices, not reverse. –Address locations: 0000 (hex) – FFFF (hex) Data Bus:- –8 data lines: D0 – D7 –Bidirectional mode: Data bits from the MPU  peripheral devices, Also from peripheral devices  MPU. –Data range: 00 (hex) – FF (hex) Control Bus:- Consists of various lines carrying the control signals such as read/write enable, flag bits.

BUS STRUCTURE OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

Arithmetic and Logical group Accumulator:- It is 8 bit general purpose register. It is connected to ALU. So most of the operations are done in Acc. Temporary register:- All the arithmetic and logical operations are done in the temporary register but user can’t access it. Flag:- It is a group of 5 flip flops used to know status of various operations done. The Flag Register along with Accumulator is called PSW or Program Status Word.

Microprocessor (MPU) A group of electronic circuits fabricated on a semiconductor chip that can read binary instructions written in memory and process binary data according to those instructions CPU and MPU

MPU-Based Systems System hardware:-  microprocessor  Memory  I/O. –Components are connected by buses. System software:- –A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system.

MEMORY

A semiconductor storage device. Two major categories:- Read/Write Memory (R/W) Read-only-Memory (ROM)

CLASSIFICATION OF RAM AND ROM  RAM:- SRAM DRAM  ROM:- MASK ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM

INPUT/OUTPUT PORT Simplest form of input port is a buffer simplest form of output port is a latch

INTERFACING TECHNIQUES MEMORY-MAPPED I/O (MMIO) uses same address bus to address both memory & I/O devices address16 bit. control signals MEMR & MEMW data transfer between register & I/O devices PORT-MAPPED I/O (PMIO) uses isolated address space for I\O from main memory. address is 8 bit control signals IOR & IOW data transfer between accumulator & I/O devices

Address Decoding Techniques ABSOLUTE DECODING/ FULL DECODING all higher address lines are decoded to select no multiple addresses more hardware/high cost LINEAR DECODING/ PARTIAL DECODING Few higher address lines are decoded shadow addresses less hardware/less cost

DATA FLOW FROM MEMORY TO MICROPROCESSOR

MEMORY & I/O INTERFACING

APPLICATIONS

Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages Machine Language: binary instructions –Difficult to decipher and write –Prone to cause many errors in writing –All programs converted into the machine language of a processor for execution Instruction Hex Mnemonic DescriptionProcessor ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel ADD A,R0 Add Reg R0 to Acc Intel B ABA Add Acc A and B Motorola 6811

Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages Assembly Language: machine instructions represented in mnemonics:- –Has one-to-one correspondence with machine instructions. –Efficient in execution and use of memory; machine- specific and not easy to troubleshoot.

MICROPROCESSOR “GIVING BACK LIFE”

APPLICATION  TOYS  SIMPLE APPLICATION  COMPUTER PERIPHERALS  INDUSTRIAL CONTROLLERS  INSTRUMENTS  COMMUNICATIONS  ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM  INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL.  MEDICAL ELECTRONICS  DATABASE MANAGEMENT

EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSOR

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