Appreciating Human Diversity Fifteenth Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak University of Michigan A n t h r o p o l o g y McGraw-Hill © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

15-2 ETHNICITY AND RACE C H A P T E R 15-2

15-3 ETHNICITY AND RACE Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity The Social Construction of Race Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities Ethnic Tolerance and Accommodation Roots of Ethnic Conflict

15-4 ETHNICITY AND RACE What is social status, and how does it relate to ethnicity? How are race and ethnicity socially constructed in various societies? What are the positive and negative aspects of ethnicity?

15-5 ETHNIC GROUPS AND ETHNICITY Ethnic group: a group whose members share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background Ethnicity: identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

15-6 ETHNIC GROUPS AND ETHNICITY Ethnic feelings and their associated behavior vary in intensity within ethnic groups and countries over time Cultural differences may be associated with ethnicity, class, region, or religion

15-7 ETHNIC GROUPS AND ETHNICITY Status: positions that people occupy in society Ascribed status: little or no choice about occupying the status given Achieved status: through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accomplishments; may be positive or negative

15-8 Table 15.1: Race/Ethnic Identification in the United States, 2010

15-9 Figure 15.1: Social Statuses

15-10 STATUS SHIFTING Some statuses, particularly ascribed ones, can be mutually exclusive Some statuses are contextual Situational negotiation of social identity In many societies, ascribed status associated with position in the sociopolitical hierarchy Inferior power and less secure access to resources than majority groups

15-11 Table 15.2: American Hispanics, Latinos, 2009

15-12 RACE AND ETHNICITY Race: an ethnic group assumed to have biological basis Racism: discrimination against an ethnic group that is assumed to have biological basis

15-13 RACE AND ETHNICITY Only cultural constructions of race are possible U.S. culture does not draw very clear line between ethnicity and race “Hispanic”: ethnic category that cuts across racial contrasts like “black” and “white” Better to use ethnic group than race

15-14 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE Races are ethnic groups assumed to have biological basis—but race is socially constructed Cultural or social “Black” and “white” not biologically distinct

15-15 HYPODESCENT: RACE IN THE UNITED STATES In U.S. culture, racial identity acquired at birth Rule of descent: assigns social identity on the basis of ancestry Hypodescent: automatically places children of mixed marriages in the group of their minority parent Divides U.S. society into groups unequal in their access to wealth, power, and prestige

15-16 RACE IN THE CENSUS U.S. Census Bureau gathering data by race since 1790 The Constitution specified that a slave counted as three-fifths of a white person Attempts to add a “multiracial” category to the Census were opposed by NAACP and National Council of La Raza

15-17 RACE IN THE CENSUS Canadian census asks about “visible minorities” “Persons, other than Aboriginal peoples [aka First Nations in Canada], who are non-Caucasian in race or nonwhite in colour” Canada’s visible minority population increasing steadily

15-18 Figure 15.2: Reproduction of Questions on Race and Hispanic Origin from Census 2010

15-19 Figure 15.3: Visible Minority Population of Canada, 2006 Census

15-20 NOT US: RACE IN JAPAN Japan commonly viewed as homogeneous in race, ethnicity, language, and culture About 10% of population minorities Intrinsic racism: belief that perceived racial difference is sufficient reason to value one person less than another

15-21 NOT US: RACE IN JAPAN Most Japanese define themselves by their opposition to others—anyone not us Burakumin perceived as standing apart from the majority of Japanese Like blacks in the U.S., Japan’s burakumin are stratified: class structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power

15-22 PHENOTYPE AND FLUIDITY: RACE IN BRAZIL Brazil: racial identity is more flexible, more of an achieved status Phenotype: expressed physical characteristics of an organism Brazil’s system of racial classification is changing in the context of international identity politics and rights movements

15-23 PHENOTYPE AND FLUIDITY: RACE IN BRAZIL Brazil: “race” more flexible than in U.S. An individual’s racial classification may change due to his or her achieved status, developmental biological changes, and other irregular factors No hypodescent rule ever developed in Brazil to ensure that whites and blacks remained separate

15-24 ETHNIC GROUPS NATIONS AND NATIONALITIES Nation: society sharing a common language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship State: a stratified society with formal, central government Nation-state: autonomous political entity; a country Most nation-states aren’t ethnically homogeneous ETHNIC GROUPS, NATIONS, AND NATIONALITIES

15-25 ETHNIC GROUPS, NATIONS, AND NATIONALITIES Substantial regional variation in countries’ ethnic structures Europe: worked to homogenize diverse premodern populations to a common culture Africa: plurality group of about 22%, with second-largest slightly less Latin American: majority group and single minority group Asia and the Middle East: ethnic majorities

15-26 NATIONALITIES AND IMAGINED COMMUNITIES Nationalities: ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country Imagined communities Language and print played crucial role in various European national consciousnesses Colonialism: long-term foreign domination of a territory and its people

15-27 ETHNIC TOLERANCE AND ACCOMMODATION Ethnic diversity may be associated with positive group interaction or with conflict

15-28 ASSIMILATION Assimilation: when a minority adopts the patterns and norms of the host culture Incorporates the dominant culture to the point where it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit

15-29 THE PLURAL SOCIETY Plural society: society with economically interdependent ethnic groups Barth: ethnic boundaries most stable and enduring when groups occupy different ecological niches Shifted focus from specific cultural practices and values to relations between ethnic groups

15-30 MULTICULTURALISM AND ETHNIC IDENTITY Multiculturalism: view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining in its own right Of growing importance in U.S. and Canada Multiculturalism seeks ways for people to understand and interact with a respect for their differences

15-31 Figure 15.4: Ethnic Composition of the United States

15-32 ROOTS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT Prejudice and discrimination Prejudice: the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes Stereotypes: fixed ideas about what the members of a group are like

15-33 ROOTS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT Discrimination: policies and practices that harm a group and its members De facto: practiced but not legally sanctioned De jure: part of the law

15-34 CHIPS IN THE MOSAIC Ethnic competition and conflict evident in North America Newer arrivals versus long-established ethnic groups

15-35 AFTERMATHS OF OPPRESSION Genocide: deliberate elimination of a group Ethnocide: destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups Forced assimilation: dominant group forces an ethnic group to adopt the dominant culture

15-36 AFTERMATHS OF OPPRESSION Ethnic expulsion: removing groups who are culturally different from a country Refugees: people who are forced or who have chosen to flee a country Cultural colonialism: internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

15-37 RECAP 15.1: Types of Ethnic Interaction