Before the Industrial Revolution Before the Industrial Revolution, the cottage industry existed. –Within each village, each family had certain responsibilities –The families would barter –Made villages almost self sufficient –The cottage industry was displaced by the factory system

Life Before the Industrialization Revolution Most people made their living as farmers Farmers lived in farming villages They never traveled beyond their villages They used simple hand tools Farmers worked long hours Children worked on the farms People grew food and made their clothes Power was provided by people, animals, watermills, and windmills Transportation was provided by animal drawn wagons and by foot. The Family was the basis of the agricultural economy

Illustration of Life Before the Industrial Revolution

Chapter 9 vocabulary James Hargreaves James Watt Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Adam Smith Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Capitalism Socialism Market Competition Communism Collective Bargaining Wealth of Nations Communist Manifesto Das Capital

Cottage Industry The farming villages were self-sufficient. –Cottage Industry Each family made a particular item or grew a certain crop that would feed the entire community

Agricultural Revolution Farming was the way of life Wealthy landowner buying up the land of the small farmers. –They would then enclose the land (enclosure movement) and rotate the crops.

The Enclosure Movement had two major results: –improved production and profits –large landowners forced the small farmers to give up farming and move to the cities or become tenant farmers.

Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without drastic changes in farming methods

Agricultural Revolution The Enclosure Movement –Parliament allowed large landowners to enclose old common lands and fields with fences –Rich men bought land from the small farmers

Many small farmers unable to survive -> left to find jobs in the cities Rich landowners could afford better farming methods and were more willing to experiment

Agricultural Revolution Improved Farming Tools and Methods –Crop Rotation-> Fields no longer left fallow, but planted with crops like cloves and turnips which replenished the nutrients and were used to feed the animals –More use of fertilizer –New Tools (seed drill and iron plow) –Better breeding techniques which produced larger and healthier livestock

Productivity of land and laborers increase Larger food supply-> population increases Fewer farm workers needed Landowners made more money which could be used to invest in industry

ORIGINS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The industrial revolution began in England, spreading to the rest of Western Europe and then eventually to the United States. Atlantic Ocean

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

Good Food Supply –Agricultural Revolution –Allowed more people to work in industry instead of farming Natural Resources –Large deposits of iron ore and coal –Excellent harbors and rivers Labor Supply –Dramatic rise in population –Many forced off farms by enclosure movement and better farming methods

Investment Capital Available –Strong banking system made loans to industry –Much money made in trade and farming-> used to invest in industry Peace & Stability –Wars not fought on British soil –No revolts –Parliament tried to help businesses

Control of Sea –Strong navy to protect trade routes –Large number of merchant ships Colonial Empire –Provided raw materials –Provided where goods could be sold Transportation System –Good system of rivers, roads and canals made it easier and cheaper to move goods –the invention and improvement of the steam engine.

Three major factors of production required for industrialization: –Land –Labor –Capital

Changing the ways of life By the 1800s, people in Europe were moving into the cities. Urbanization – cities building up and people relocating to the cities. London becomes Europe’s largest city.

Change to city life made the need for more and better roads. New concept is born, turnpikes- privately built roads that charged travelers a fee to use these major road systems.

Living conditions were poor: no sanitation or building codes Large families living in a one bedroom apartment. Large population in the cities caused widespread diseases.

New Inventions/New Ideas!

James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny: produced cloth faster

Louis Pasteur Discovered bacteria in milk Pasteur believed and proved that most infections were caused by germs.

Eli Whitney Invented the Cotton Gin

James Watt Improved the development of the Steam Engine

Henry Bessemer Developed the process of making steel

II. Edward Jenner Developed the smallpox vaccination. Smallpox was killing thousand of children each year in Europe.

Worksheet on Parliament Hearing

Need for raw materials With the Industrial Revolution came an increased demand for raw materials from the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Industrial nations sought: –Control of markets –Control of sources of raw materials –Expansion of Christianity

Laissez-faire – a policy developed by the factory owners. –Owners of these companies felt that the government should not interfere with working conditions and employee wages. Factory Owners

Simulation

Working Conditions Average worker spent 14 hours a day/6 days a week on the job. Sites were dangerous- poor lighting, lack of cleanliness, and machines did not operate very well.

Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages Owners of mines and factories had control over the lives of their laborers Child labor helped keep the costs of production low and profits high

Workers fight back They formed unions –to protect their rights and improve their working conditions, wages, and benefits. Labor Unions –Encouraged worker organized strikes to increase wages and improve working conditions –Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers –Collective bargaining - negotiation between the workers and employees.

Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution Women and children entered the workplace as cheap labor Women increased their demand for suffrage (the right to vote) Education was expanded New Middle Class

New Class of People Middle class was on the rise – skilled workers, professionals, business people, factory owners, shippers, and merchants. Middle class benefited more from the revolution than any other class and the rich resented it.

Different Economic Views of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was fueled by capitalism and market competition –Capitalism An economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money and business ventures to make a profit Adam Smith – In his book, Wealth of Nations, believed –government should not interfere with the economy (laissez faire).

Effects of Capitalism Industrial vs. agricultural economies Market competition Increased supply of goods Emphasis on individual responsibility Criticisms of Capitalism Uneven distribution of wealth Plight (conditions) of labor

Responses to Capitalism Socialism – production is owned and operated by the people. –Government should have an active role in planning the economy. –This idea would end poverty.

Responses to capitalism Communism- an economic system in which all the means of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally

Responses to Capitalism –Karl Marx Known as the father of communism Believed in equal distribution of wealth Wrote The Communist Manifesto –A pamphlet co-authored with Friedrich Engels »The manifesto suggested a course of action for a Proletariat (working class) to revolt and overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie (middle class or capitalist class). »The revolution would lead to a classless society and a redistribution of wealth Wrote Das Kapital –Critical analysis of capitalism

Copy chart on page 650 comparing Capitalism vs Marxism Activity comparing Capitalism and Marxism

Impacts of Industrial Revolution on Industrialized Countries Population increased Increase in the standard of living Improved transportation Urbanization Increased education Growth of middle class Environmental pollution Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions Abolition of slavery – England abolishes slavery in 1833.

Life After the Industrial Revolution Many city dwellers live in tenements Factory workers worked long hours, which were governed by factory owners Children worked in mines and factories Factory made products were now available in stores New importance of coal and steam as power sources Many new inventions Faster transportation by trains, automobiles, and ships

Illustration of Life after the Industrial Revolution