Until 1800, most people lived on farms in the US and Western Europe. Economy - based on: 1. Farming 2. Making goods by hand 3. Trading UNTIL…. The Industrial Revolution – machines replaced hand tools in the manufacturing of goods, people left their farms to work in factories… within 100 years, many nations became industrial giants Quick video!

1780s in Great Britain Why there? Britain had all the factors of production needed to shift from an agricultural to industrial society: 1. People to work 2. Natural resources – iron and coal (used to make machines and run steam engines) ** colonial empire to supply other needed materials – India provided raw cotton to supply textile mills 3. Money to invest in railroads and factories 4. Markets to sell manufactured goods 5. Transportation to and from factories. Video break!

Cottage Industry System: people worked in their own homes or workshops Factory System: The system of producing goods made on a mass scale by machines in a factory which replaced goods made by individual craftsmen.

Which picture shows the factory system? The cottage system? A B

EQ: In what ways did the factory system change the face of labor in England?

** London’s population grew from 1 million in 1800 to 2.5 million in 1850…. WOW To accommodate these large populations, cheap housing was built and factories sprang up everywhere to employ workers for low wages and continue to increase production

Between 1800 and 1850 – population of cities in Europe and the US grew very quickly… workers needed to live closer to factories and mills During this time, changes in farming meant that fewer workers were needed – available jobs caused displaced farmers to flock to Industrial cities (pull factor) Machines made production faster, so a large number of unskilled workers were needed to operate them

Living conditions were terrible for workers They gathered in poor, crowded neighborhoods near their work called slums Tenements – 5 and 6 story wooded apartment buildings (usually with 2 rooms)

Problems: 1) poor design 2) landlord neglect 3) structure of old buildings 4) little government intervention These problems led to very hazardous living conditions in these tenements: Inadequate garbage pickup – tenants dumped their garbage into the shafts/alleys between apartments. little fresh air - the smell was horrendous - sewage would flow openly in gutters and threatened to spread diseases Diseases such as cholera and typhus were very common Cholera explained:

Although cities offered work, it paid poorly, was dangerous, and the days were long and hard Factories had: 1) Extreme temps 2) A lack of fresh air – dust often sickened workers 3) Dangerous working conditions Work was hours a day Women were paid 50% less than men

Middle class prior to IR – craftsman, merchants, shop owners, professionals (doctors, lawyers) The Industrial Revolution created new members of the middle class: 1) Men who provided $$ for new factories 2) Men who managed new businesses Families lived in working class neighborhoods in well-built homes (much nicer than slums) Women stayed home, managed children and servants, and took care of the home (they did not need to work in factories)