Camera Settings What Do They Do?

Opening in the camera that controls the amount of light that reaches the image sensor Aperture

Aperture openings are designated as “f/stops” “f” is the focal length of the optical system (size of the hole!) The smaller the f/number the larger the aperture opening f/2 allows more light to pass through the lens than f/8 Aperture

f=focal length of the optical system, or size of the hole Old cameras could not adjust automatically, so photographers had multiple plates with different sized holes which would “stop” the light from getting through Why Is It Called “f/stop”?

Shutter Speed The amount of time the image sensor is left open Measured in fractions of seconds – 1/2000, 1/1500, 1/350, 1/90, 1/30 1/2000 is CRAZY fast and you probably won’t ever use it! Common shutter speeds are 1/500 to 1/60 Slow shutter speeds require a tripod to reduce shake

Shutter Speed in the Real World SituationSettingSpeed A hummingbird is hovering above a flower, and you don't want its wings to be blurry Very fast shutter speed2000 to 4000 Your kids are playing soccer, and you want the images to be sharp and clear Fast shutter speed500 to 1000 You are taking a portrait of your favorite pet, and your pet is being polite and sitting still Moderate shutter speed125 to 500 A carousel is spinning and you want to show how fast it is going by letting the horses blur Slow shutter speed and tripod 8 to 60 You want to take a photograph of your favorite building at night Very slow shutter speed and tripod 8 to 30

Shutter Speed Example –Fast The seagulls were about to take off, and were opening their wings To freeze the motion of the wings, a fast shutter speed of 1/750 had to be used 1/750 second shutter speed

Shutter Speed Example - Medium The day was calm, and the grass was not moving very fast in the breeze Fast motion did not need to be captured The required shutter speed is 1/180 of a second 1/180 second shutter speed

Shutter Speed Example – Slow Capture the waterfall in motion Create a blurry look for the moving water Set the shutter speed to 1/6 of a second Recommend a tripod with this photo to reduce blur 1/6 second shutter speed

Shutter Speed– Very Slow Eight second exposure on a street at night Photo would be difficult without a tripod Red and white streaks are the lights of passing cars. Since the shutter was open a while, the cars passed by completely while the photo was being taken 1/30 second shutter speed

One Photo, Various Shutter Speeds 1/2500 second

One Photo, Various Shutter Speeds 1/1000 second

One Photo, Various Shutter Speeds 1/500 second

One Photo, Various Shutter Speeds 1/125 second

One Photo, Various Shutter Speeds 1/60 second

Check out the shutter speed and aperture online simulator Now You Try!

Distance between the lens and image sensor (or “film”, in old cameras) To focus on something farther away, the lens needs to move farther from the image sensor “Normal” lens is under 50 mm “Telephoto” lens is more than 50 mm Focal Length

14mm Focal Length

24mm Focal Length

28mm Focal Length

35mm Focal Length

70mm Focal Length

80mm Focal Length

135mm Focal Length

400mm Focal Length

The range of distance in a photograph that appears in focus Combination of lens focal length, distance from subject and aperture opening The smaller the aperture opening, the more of the image will be in focus; f/22 offers a greater depth of field than f /2.8 Depth of Field

Please click here to access a short movie on dof here

f/2.8 (large opening) 1/2000 second (crazy fast shutter speed) Depth of Field

f/4 (large opening) 1/1000 second Depth of Field

f/5.6 (medium opening) 1/500 second Depth of Field

f/8 (medium opening) 1/250 second Depth of Field

f/11 (medium opening) 1/125 second Depth of Field

f/16 (small opening) 1/60 second Depth of Field

f/22 (very small opening) 1/30 second (very slow shutter speed) Depth of Field

A creative device Can help isolate subjects from the foreground or background Why Do We Use Depth of Field?

Total amount of light captured while taking a single photograph Two variables affect exposure: – Shutter speed determines length of time sensor captures light – Aperture determines how much light passes through lens Exposure

Only one combination of aperture and shutter speed to result in ideal exposure Too much light: washed out Too little light: dark Exposure

1/250 second shutter speed f/22 aperture Exposure

1/250 second shutter speed f/16 aperture Exposure

1/250 second shutter speed f/8 aperture Exposure

1/250 second shutter speed f/4 aperture Exposure

How sensitive the image sensor is to the amount of light present The higher the ISO, the more sensitive the image sensor (take better pix in low-light situations) Good if you cannot use a flash It’s not all good: more sensitivity equals more graininess and reduced image quality ISO

please click here to access a short video on iso here

ISO 200 ¼ second shutter speed, f/5.6 aperture ISO

ISO 400 ¼ second shutter speed, f/5.6 aperture ISO

ISO 800 ¼ second shutter speed, f/5.6 aperture ISO

ISO 1600 ¼ second shutter speed, f/5.6 aperture ISO

ISO 3200 ¼ second shutter speed, f/5.6 aperture ISO

Put it all together! Now You Try!

The SLR Camera Explained Kodak EasyShare camera simulator Additional Resources

After you utilize both simulators, write a one- page response on what you learned. Ensure you cover how the combination of the different aspects affect the photo you create. Title it [last name] Simulator Assignment and submit to Mr. Nigrelli via Google Drive by midnight on Friday, September 12 th assignment