1 Body Structure

2 Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Define the elements of human body structure Describe the planes of the body Locate the body cavities and list organs that are contained within each cavity Recognize the combining forms that relate elements and systems of the body

3 Body Structure and Organization The body is organized from its smallest element, the cell, to the collection of systems. Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems  Entire Body 

4 Cells Vary in size, shape, and _____________. Need food, water, and oxygen to live and function. Contain three basic structures: - Cell Membrane- outer ________ of the cell. - Nucleus- central portion of each cell responsible for directing cell activities. - Cytoplasm- substance ____________ the nucleus and is responsible for reproduction and movement.

5 Tissues Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task are called _________. Types of Tissues ___________ tissue Epithelial tissue ________ tissue Nervous Tissue Connective Tissue

6 Organs Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function are called ___________ Organ Examples: kidney lungs brain

7 Systems Groups of organs that work together to perform one of the body’s major functions are called _________. Integumentary System Consists of: _______Hair Nails _____ glands ____ glands

8 Musculoskeletal System Supports the body, protects organs and provides body movement. Consists of: ________ Bones _____________

9 Cardiovascular System Pumps and transports blood throughout the body. Blood carries nutrients and removes waste from the tissues. Consists of: ___________ Blood __________

10 Respiratory System Consists of the_______ and the airways Performs respiration

11 Nervous System Regulates most of the body’s activities and sends and receives messages from sensory organs. Consists of : ________ Spinal Cord Peripheral _____

12 Urinary System Eliminates metabolic waste Helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance Helps regulate blood pressure Consists of: __________ Ureters __________ Urethra

13 Reproductive System Controls reproduction and heredity. Male Structures testes penis ________ gland vas deferens seminal vesicles Female Structures ovaries vagina uterine tubes ________ mammary glands

14 Blood System Blood transports nutrients and waste __ and ______ body tissues.

15 Lymphatic and Immune System Consists of: __________ Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic _________ Nonspecific Defenses of the Immune System

16 Digestive System Includes all organs of digestion and excretion of ________.

17 Endocrine System Includes the glands that secrete ___________ for the regulation of several body activities. pancreas testesovaries adrenal thyroid pituitary parathyroid

18 Sensory System Includes the _____ and _____ and those other parts of other systems involved in the reactions of the other five senses.

19 Body Cavities Dorsal (_____ side of the body) Consists of the cranial cavity and spinal cavity Ventral (______ side of the body) Separated by ____________ into the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity Lower portion of the abdominal cavity is called the pelvic cavity

20 Body Cavities Picture Abdominal cavity Ventral cavity _______ cavity __________ cavity _______ cavity Dorsal cavity _______ cavity Diaphragm

21 Directional Terms, Planes and Regions Directional terms describe a portion or position of the body. inferior (_______) medial (middle) lateral (_____) posterior (______) superior (_____ or above) anterior (______)

22 Directional Terms, Planes and Regions Part 2 For examination purposes, patients are either lying face up (________) or face down (________).

23 Planes of the Body _______ divides the body into anterior and posterior positions. Sagittal is the lateral position. ________ or midsagittal divides the body into right and left halves. Transverse divides the body into upper and lower sections.

24 Quadrants of the Body Abdominopelvic Quadrants Quadrants of the Body Left upper quadrant (____) Right lower quadrant (____) Left lower quadrant (____) Right upper quadrant (_____)

25 Regions of the Body Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Right inguinal (iliac) region Right lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left inguinal (iliac) region

26 Combining Forms [acetabul (o)] Combining Form Meaning acetabul(o) aden(o) adip(o) alveol(o) angi(o) arthr(o) aur(i) ___-shaped hip socket ____ ____ sac, alveolus vessel ______; articulation ear gland

27 Combining Forms [blephar (o)] Combining FormMeaning blephar(o) brachi(o) bucc(o) calcane(o) celi(o) cephal(o) cheil(o) ______ arm ________ heel bone ________ head ____

28 Combining Forms [chir (o)] Combining FormMeaning chir(o) chol(e) dactyl(o) dent(i) encephal(o) enter(o) gingiv(o) hand ______ fingers, toes _________ brain ________ gum

29 Combining Forms [gloss (o)] Combining FormMeaning gloss(o) gnath(o) hidr(o) ile(o) ili(o) labi(o) lapar(o) __________ jaw _________ ileum ________ lip __________ wall

30 Combining Forms [lip (o)] Combining FormMeaning lip(o) my(o) ocul(o) odont(o) onych(o) oo oophor(o) fat ________ eye ________ nail _________ ovary

31 Combining Forms [orchi (o),orchid (o)] Combining FormMeaning orchi(o), orchid(o) ot(o) ped(o), pedi phleb(o) pil(o) pod(o) proct(o) testis _______ foot; child ________ hair ________ anus

32 Combining Forms [psych (o), psyche] Combining FormMeaning psych(o), psyche rachi(o) rhin(o) somat(o) trachel(o) trich(o), trichi vesic(o) mind _________ nose _______ neck ________ bladder