Central Dogma （中心法则） Reverse Transcription Adapted from:

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Central Dogma （中心法则） Reverse Transcription Adapted from:

Plasmid （质粒） Extra-chromosomal DNA molecule Able to replicate independently of the chromosomal （染色质） DNA Usually circular and double-stranded More Info:

Plasmid High efficiency of promoter Ori (Origin of Replication) MCS (Multiple Cloning Site) Selective marker

Eukaryotes （真核生物） & Prokaryotes （原核生物） Chromosome Nuclear membrane More complicated to deal with From:

Gene regulation (ex. Operon) RNA polymerase Promoter Operator Repressor Inducer: ex. IPTG In an operon, several genes are controlled by one promoter Example: lac operon in E.coli –Video (